Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction

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Association Between Baseline Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Early Neurological Recovery Trajectories After Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke

PAN Jiayao 1 , HUANG Huorong 2 , RONG Chunshu 3 .

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20260063

Accepted: 2026-08-28

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To explore the relationship between baseline triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and

dynamic changes in early neurological recovery among patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after

intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). Methods: Patients with AIS who received standard IVT at the Neurological

Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Jilin Provincial People's Hospital were retrospectively enrolled.

Demographic, imaging and laboratory data were collected, and the baseline TyG index was calculated. National

Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were recorded before thrombolysis (T0), immediately after

thrombolysis (T1), 24 hours after thrombolysis (T2) and 7 days after thrombolysis (T3). Patients were divided

into high-TyG group and low-TyG group according to the median TyG index. A negative binomial mixed-effects

model was used to analyze the effects of TyG grouping, time and their interaction on the longitudinal changes in

NIHSS scores. Results: A total of 177 AIS patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis were included.

Compared with T1, NIHSS scores were significantly reduced at T3 (IRR=0.72, 95%CI 0.62～0.84, P<0.001),

whereas no significant change was found at T2 (P=0.698). The main effect of TyG grouping was not statistically

significant (P=0.899). There was a significant interaction between time and TyG grouping. At T3, the magnitude

of improvement in NIHSS scores was smaller in the high-TyG group than in the low-TyG group (IRR=1.38, 95%

CI 1.12～1.69, P=0.002). Among covariates, baseline NIHSS was significantly associated with the dynamic

changes of NIHSS scores (P<0.001), while age and sex showed no significant correlation. Conclusion: Within

the observation time window of this study, elevated baseline TyG index is associated with slower early

neurological recovery after IVT in AIS patients, and this effect is partially time-dependent. The TyG index may

serve as a potential reference indicator for evaluating differences in early recovery among patients undergoing

IVT.

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Effect Analysis of Fast Perturbational Complexity Index in rTMS Therapeutic Responsiveness Evaluation for Patients with Disturbance of Consciousness

QI Ming a , MENG Yao a , XIE Jing b

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251271

Accepted: 2026-08-28

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To evaluate the efficacy of fast perturbational complexity index (PCIst) in assessing the

therapeutic responsiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with disturbance

of consciousness (DoC). Methods: Total 84 patients with DoC admitted to our hospital from June 2023 to

March 2025 were selected as the study objects. All patients were treated with conventional awakening therapy

plus rTMS. According to the reactivity after rTMS treatment, all patients were divided into good response group

and poor response group, and then the clinical data and laboratory examination data (including PCIst) of the two

groups were compared. Logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors affecting rTMS treatment

responsiveness. Results: As of April 30, 2025, a total of 35 patients had escaped from MSC status after basic

therapy plus rTMS. The age of patients in the good response group was lower than that in the poor response

group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The baseline EEG grading in the good response

group was better than that in the poor response group, and the PCIst was higher than that in the poor response

group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Age was an independent risk factor for rTMS

treatment responsiveness, PCIst and no complications during treatment were independent protective factors for

rTMS treatment responsiveness (P<0.05). RCS analysis showed that PCIst was significantly and linearly

associated with responsiveness to rTMS treatment in patients with disorders of consciousness (nonlinear P=

0.677, P=0.004); the ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of PCIst predicting responsiveness to

rTMS treatment in patients with disorders of consciousness was 0.853 (95% CI 0.798～0.896, P<0.001).

Conclusion: PCIst was significantly associated with rTMS treatment responsiveness in patients with DoC and

had good predictive efficacy

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Predictive Performance of Residual Vulnerability Index—Integrating Inflammation, Muscle reserve, and Comorbidity Status—for Functional Impairment

WANG Pinga , LIU Aixiana , WANG Danb

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20260099

Accepted: 2026-07-12

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Based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),

to evaluate the association between a residual vulnerability index (RVI) score—integrating inflammation, muscle

reserve, and comorbidity status—and the risk of functional impairment (FI) in adults, and to examine the

robustness of this association and its clinical utility. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using 2,478

adult participants aged ≥20 years from the NHANES 2017～2018 cycle. The RVI score was constructed by

Z-score standardization of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, reflecting systemic inflammation), muscle

index (appendicular lean mass divided by body mass index, reflecting muscle reserve), and the number of

comorbidities. FI was defined based on the physical functioning questionnaire. The random forest (RF) algorithm

was used to screen key predictive features. A multivariable weighted logistic regression model was built to

analyze the independent association between the RVI score and FI risk, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95%

confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were fitted to model the

dose-response relationship. Subgroup analyses, E-value sensitivity analysis, and decision curve analysis (DCA)

were performed to verify the robustness and clinical value of the results. Results: The RVI score was

significantly higher in the FI group than in the non-FI group (P<0.001). RF analysis showed that the RVI score

ranked third in predictive importance, surpassing depression scores and sleep duration. Multivariable logistic

regression analysis revealed that, after adjusting for confounders, each 1-standard-deviation (SD) increase in the

RVI score was significantly associated with an increased risk of FI [OR=1.912(95% CI 1.548～2.361), P<0.001].

Quartile-based analysis showed that the highest quartile group had a significantly higher risk of FI compared with

the lowest quartile group [OR=6.204(95% CI 3.013～12.777), P=0.003], with a significant linear trend (P for

trend<0.001). The RCS model indicated a significant nonlinear positive association between the RVI score and FI

risk (nonlinearity P<0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that this association remained generally consistent

across different population subgroups and was more pronounced among overweight/obese individuals (P=0.002

for interaction). Sensitivity analysis yielded an E-value point estimate of 2.115. DCA results showed that the prediction model

incorporating the RVI score provided superior clinical net benefit over the base model across a range of threshold probabilities.

Conclusion: The RVI score is an independent nonlinear risk factor for FI in adults.

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Spinal Cord Injury Motor Function Reconstruction: From Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation to Brain-Spinal Cord Interface

LIU Lina 1 , GAO Haifeng 2 , XIE Yujie 1 , XU Jing 1 , GAO Feng 2 , CHEN Liang 2 , LIU Hongwei 2 , ZHU Xin 3 , LI Jun 2

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251560

Accepted: 2026-07-01

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Restoring motor function after spinal cord injury is a major challenge in neuroscience. Epidural spi

nal cord stimulation can activate spinal neural networks and improve motor performance. However, current

open-loop and peripheral feedback closed-loop systems cannot respond in real-time to central intentions. This

limitation restricts independent movement. To address this, recent years have seen the emergence of brain-spinal

cord interface technology, which combines brain-computer interfaces with epidural spinal cord stimulation. This

technology shows tremendous potential, offering a novel pathway for intention-driven movement. In this con

text, this paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of epidural spinal cord stimulation, electrode placement,

stimulation parameters, stimulation modes, and closed-loop control systems. Subsequently, it summarizes the

principles of brain-spinal cord interface technology and key evidence from preclinical and clinical studies.

Through technological advancements, standardized experimental designs, and interdisciplinary collaboration,

brain-spinal cord interface technology is poised to benefit patients with spinal cord injuries worldwide.

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Mediating Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolite N-Acetylarginine in Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Intravenous Anesthetics: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Analysis

HUDABAI Rexidanmu a , YANG Xi a , WANG Xiaobo a , LI Jie a , YANG Simin a , HUANG Dingbang a , CHEN Xianzhen b .

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251549

Accepted: 2026-06-25

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To investigate whether genetic susceptibility to intravenous anesthesia exposure affects

the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and whether cerebrospinal fluid N-acetylarginine plays a

mediating role in this association. Methods: Two-sample, two-step Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis

was conducted using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics primarily from cohorts of

European ancestry. First, we examined the genetic susceptibility of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites to intravenous

anesthetic agents. Then, we evaluated the impact of these metabolites on cognitive outcomes as a surrogate

marker for POCD risk. The primary estimates were obtained through inverse variance-weighted MR,

supplemented by weighted median, MR-Egger, and mode-based methods. Robustness was assessed using

Cochran’s Q, MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO (global/outlier), and Steiger directionality tests. The mediating

effect was measured by the product of coefficients, with uncertainty estimated via the delta method/

bootstrapping and multiple testing correction applied within the metabolome. Exploratory bioinformatics

integrated differentially expressed genes with protein-protein interaction (PPI)/gene ontology (GO)/Kyoto

Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Results: Genetic susceptibility to

intravenous anesthetic agents was associated with changes in cerebrospinal fluid N-acetylarginine levels, which,

in turn, were linked to an increased risk of POCD. This N-acetylarginine-mediated effect accounted for a

significant portion of the total effect. Colocalization and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR)

confirmed metabolite-specific signals, and enrichment results indicated involvement of nitric oxide signaling and

interactions with the Notch pathway. Conclusion: TSMR revealed that cerebrospinal fluid N-acetylarginine

partially mediates the association between susceptibility to intravenous anesthetic agents and POCD risk.

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Correlation between CTA Clot Burden Score and Hemorrhagic Transformation after Endovascular Treatment

FANG Jungang, LU Xinyu.

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20240987

Accepted: 2026-06-25

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To investigate the correlation between clot burden score (CBS) and hemorrhagic

transformation (HT) after endovascular therapy in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion

stroke. Methods: A total of 111 patients diagnosed with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke

who received endovascular therapy between January 2019 and December 2023 were retrospectively enrolled.

Patients were divided into HT group (45 cases) and non-HT group (66 cases) according to the presence or

absence of postoperative HT. Baseline data of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Binary Logistic

regression analysis was applied to explore the association between CBS and HT, and receiver operating

characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive value. Results: Compared with the

non-HT group, the HT group presented significantly higher admission NIHSS score, elevated admission blood

glucose, longer time from symptom onset to femoral artery puncture, lower fibrinogen level, higher proportions

of patients with CBS≤5, preoperative intravenous thrombolysis, postoperative cerebral contrast extravasation

and coronary heart disease, with statistically significant differences. Binary Logistic regression analysis

identified that CBS≤5 (OR=5.04, 95% CI 1.41～18.06, P=0.013), high admission NIHSS score (OR=1.07,

95%CI 1.01～1.14, P=0.042), prolonged time from onset to femoral artery puncture (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.000～

1.013, P=0.049) and postoperative contrast extravasation (OR=3.27, 95% CI 1.23～8.71, P=0.018) were

independent risk factors for HT after endovascular therapy in patients with acute anterior circulation large

vessel occlusion stroke. ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of CBS for

predicting HT was 0.629; the AUC of the combined model (CBS plus admission NIHSS score,

onset-to-puncture time and postoperative cerebral contrast extravasation) reached 0.829. Conclusion: CBS≤

5 is an independent risk factor for postoperative HT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel

occlusion stroke treated with endovascular therapy.

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Research Progress on the Neuroprotective Potential of Cynomorium Flavonoids in Alzheimer's Disease

ZHAO Ruiqi 1 , BAI Yunxia 1 , TIAN Zhenyu 2 , LI Zhichao 3 , LU Fei 1 , ZHANG Shuyue 2 , JIA Jianxin 3 , YAN Xusheng 3

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241289

Accepted: 2026-06-13

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The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway plays a central regulatory role in the onset and

progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It primarily slows down neurodegenerative damage by regulating the

expression of antioxidant genes, inhibiting oxidative stress, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Cynomorium

flavonoids, a type of natural polyphenolic compound, have been discovered in recent years to possess

significant potential for improving AD pathology through multi-target effects via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE

pathway. This pathway activates the Nrf2 factor, upregulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduces

oxidative damage, and enhances neuronal protection. In addition, cynomorium flavonoids promote the

clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein deposits by regulating the autophagy pathway, thereby alleviating A

β-induced neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, they inhibit the excessive phosphorylation of Tau protein, reduce the

formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and maintain the structural and functional stability of nerve cells.

Cynomorium flavonoids also reduce neuronal apoptosis rates during the course of AD by regulating the

balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, further enhancing neuroprotective effects. They

also exhibit significant efficacy in inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and

TNF-α, helping to mitigate AD-related neuroinflammatory responses. This review summarizes the mechanisms

by which cynomorium flavonoids improve AD through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and their

multiple roles in neuroprotection.

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Research Advances on the Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

WANG Yidan 1 , SHI Ling 1 , JI Keaxiu 1 , LIANG Xingqiu 2 , QIN Guihong 3 , ZHONG Jing 2 , LIANG Mingkun 2

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251487

Accepted: 2026-05-24

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Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), as essential amino acids, are closely associated with the onset

and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Recent studies have revealed that abnormal BCAAs

metabolism is intricately linked to the occurrence, progression, and prognosis of NDDs. This review summarizes

the metabolic characteristics of BCAAs in NDDs and the mechanisms by which they participate in the onset and

development of NDDs through regulating signaling pathways, ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction,

alleviating neuroinflammation, and modulating epigenetics. It is hoped that this will provide further insights into

the specific mechanisms of BCAAs in NDDs and offer more evidence for precise clinical treatment of NDDs.

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A Study on the Efficacy of Shock Wave Therapy Combined with DMS for Triceps Surae Spasticity after Stroke

CAO Keyong 1 , WANG Qixun 1 , MU Jingsong2

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251553

Accepted: 2026-05-24

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To investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) combined with

deep muscle stimulator (DMS) on triceps surae spasticity in stroke patients. Methods: A total of 69 stroke

patients with triceps surae spasticity were randomly divided into the DMS group, the ESWT group, and the

combination group, with 23 cases in each group. All three groups received conventional rehabilitation manual

therapy and did not take any anti-spasticity medications. The DMS group received additional DMS treatment, the

ESWT group received additional ESWT treatment, and the combination group received both DMS and ESWT

treatment. The treatment course lasted for 4 weeks. All three groups were assessed before and after treatment

using the Composite Spasticity Scale (CSS), the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), the active range of motion of

ankle dorsiflexion (AROM), and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) for the lower extremities. The results were

compared and analyzed among the three groups. Results: At the 2nd and 4th weeks of treatment, the CSS

scores, MAS scores, AROM values, and lower extremity FMA scores of all three groups were significantly

improved compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), and all outcome measures at the 4th week were

significantly better than those at the 2nd week within each group (P<0.05). Compared with the DMS group, the

ESWT group showed varying degrees of improvement in all outcome measures (P<0.05). Compared with both

the DMS group and the ESWT group, the combination group showed significantly higher scores in all outcome

measures (P<0.05). Conclusion: ESWT combined with DMS can significantly alleviate triceps surae spasticity

and improve lower extremity function in stroke patients, with better therapeutic effects observed with a longer

treatment duration.

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Identification of Candidate Markers for Alzheimer’s Disease by Combined Machine Learning with GEO Database and Experimental Validation

ZHANG Huie 1 , XIAO Mengli 1 , JI Jinjin 1 , CHENG Yurong 2 , LU Fang 1

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250944

Accepted: 2026-05-04

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To screen Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers using GEO (Gene Expression

Omnibus) database combined with machine learning. Methods: A total of 339 samples were included, including

168 AD samples and 171 samples from normal healthy people. The GEO database screened the datasets to derive

the differentially expressed genes, screened the predictive gene models by two algorithms: least absolute

shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression and random forest (RF), and plotted ROC curves to

evaluate the models. Clinical datasets (including multiple groups of AD patients and healthy control samples)

were used to validate the predicted genes. RT-qPCR quantitatively analyzed the expression of the predicted genes

in the normal and model groups of the AD cell model. Result: LASSO yielded 84 key markers, and RF

algorithm identified 7 genes. Venn diagram screening yielded overlapping genes for 2 algorithms, including

PLSCR4, GLIS3, PHYHD1, and HVCN1. ROC curves in the test set showed that the area under the curve of

these 4 candidate genes was greater than 0.7, and ROC curves in the validation set also showed that the area

under the curve of 3 of these candidates was greater than 0.7, among which GLIS3 (AUC=0.891) and HVCN1

(AUC=0.953) exhibited excellent diagnostic performance (AUC>0.89). The RT-qPCR method revealed that the

relative expression of PLSCR4, GLIS3, PHYHD1 and HVCN1 was elevated in the AD cell model compared

with the normal control group (all P<0.01), and the results were consistent with the bioinformatic predictions.

Conclusion: PLSCR4, GLIS3, PHYHD1 and HVCN1 may be used as molecular markers for clinical diagnosis

of AD.

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Core Gene Biomarkers Related to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Alzheimer's Disease

LIU Zhaoya 1 , HE Ping 1 , ZHANG Zikun 1 , LIU Qianqian 2

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251389

Accepted: 2026-02-24

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By integrating bioinformatics and machine learning methods, we aimed to

systematically screen core genes linking the environmental pollutant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and explore their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Methods: The

GSE95587 dataset was obtained from the GEO database, and differential expression analysis was performed

using the limma package. The differentially expressed genes were intersected with PFOS-related genes from the

CTD database to identify common candidate genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the intersected genes

were conducted using clusterProfiler. LASSO regression was employed to screen for core genes, and a logistic

regression model was constructed to evaluate their diagnostic performance and ability to predict the progression

of Braak staging. Results: A total of 281 differentially expressed genes in AD were identified, of which 18

overlapped with PFOS-related genes. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were significantly involved

in pathways such as neuroinflammation, astrocyte activation, and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. LASSO

regression identified five key genes (MIR338, CCDC198, MMP13, FGF12, IL1β). Expression analysis showed

significant differences between the AD and control groups for these genes. The five-gene signature achieved an

AUC of 0.800 in distinguishing AD from controls, and PCA demonstrated clear separation between the two

groups. The signature predicted the progression of Braak staging (Braak≥4) with an AUC of 0.746, and the

high-risk group exhibited a significantly higher risk of disease progression than the low-risk group.

Conclusion: PFOS may participate in the progression of AD by regulating pathways related to

neuroinflammation and glial cell function. The identified five-gene signature demonstrated good performance in

AD diagnosis and prognosis prediction.

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Exploring the Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Advances of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Vascular Factors

LIU Kexin 1 , CAI Bingru 1 , QU Qianqian 1 , LIU Chang 1 , XU Yingman 1 , ZHANG Li 2

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20251357

Accepted: 2026-02-24

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an acquired, persistent, and progressive intellectual deterioration

syndrome characterized primarily by recent memory impairment accompanied by other cognitive deficits.

During the course of the disease, it can be accompanied by varying degrees of psychiatric and behavioral

symptoms, gradually affecting patients' activities of daily living and social functioning. Traditional

pathological mechanisms have focused on the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and the formation of neurofibrilla

ry tangles composed of tau protein. In recent years, studies have indicated that vascular dysfunction plays a

crucial driving role in the pathogenesis of AD, with extensive epidemiological, clinical, and basic research

supporting the novel perspective that AD can be considered a vascular disease. Vascular risk factors (such as

hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis) directly promote A β production and inhibit its clearance by

inducing cerebral hypoperfusion, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and interfering with insulin signaling

pathways, thereby interacting with Aβ metabolism to collectively exacerbate the pathological progression of

AD. This review discusses the role of vascular factors in the pathogenesis of AD, aiming to provide new

perspectives for its diagnosis and treatment and inject fresh vitality into the field of AD research.

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LncRNA MIRLET7BHG

XU Chenguang, LI Jingjing, WANG Liang, HE Li

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250176

Accepted: 2026-01-02

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To investigate the role of LncRNA MIRLET7BHG in human neuroblastoma cell line

(SH-SY5Y) during ischemia reperfusion injury. Methods: An oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation

(OGD/R) model was used to simulate in vitro ischemia reperfusion injury in SH-SY5Y cells, and the level of

LncRNA MIRLET7BHG was examined by RT-qPCR. A LncRNA MIRLET7BHG knockdown model of

SH-SY5Y cells was constructed, and MTT, flow cytometry, and Western blotting were used to evaluate the

viability and apoptosis levels of cells after normal culture or OGD/R treatment. Results: After OGD/R

treatment, the apoptosis rate of SH-SY5Y cells increased significantly, the cell survival rate decreased

significantly, the levels of oxidative stress markers increased significantly, and the transcription level of LncRNA

MIRLET7BHG increased significantly. Knocking down LncRNA MIRLET7BHG in SH-SY5Y cells reduced the

viability of SH-SY5Y cells under normal culture or OGD/R treatment and promoted cell apoptosis.

Conclusion: LncRNA MIRLET7BHG has a certain inhibitory effect on OGD/R-induced apoptosis of

SH-SY5Y cells. The up-regulation of LncRNA MIRLET7BHG transcription level suggests that there may be a

negative feedback mechanism.

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Research Progress on the Neural Networks and Related Regulatory Mechanisms of Acupuncture in Improving Post-Stroke Spasticity

CHEN Siyu 1 , WANG Yuqi 2 , KANG Xingyu 1 , MA Le 1 , SHI Shuai3

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250701

Accepted: 2025-12-30

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Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), as one of the common complications following a stroke, not only

severely impacts patients' daily lives and imposes a heavy burden on families and society but also serves as a

major contributor to the high disability rate after stroke. Clinically, acupuncture therapy is the most widely

applied and effective treatment in the field of PSS, owing to its simple and convenient operation, which can

significantly reduce muscle tone in the affected limbs. This paper reviews and summarizes the mechanisms of

action of acupuncture therapy in improving PSS based on neural networks and related regulatory mechanisms,

providing an innovative theoretical framework for precise treatment, prognosis evaluation, and clinical

application translation of PSS.

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The Effect of Electroacupuncture on the NLRP3/Caspase-1 Inflammatory Pathway in MCAO Rats

WANG Zhifeng 1 , YANG Jiao 2 , SHI Ting 1 , XU Shuangfeng 1 , LAN Junfeng 1 , HE Pengfen 1 , HAO Zhihui 1 , YANG Fei 3 , SHI Xinan 4 , WANG Jian 1

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241401

Accepted: 2025-12-26

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To explore the neuroprotective effect of electroacupuncture on cerebral ischemic stroke

(CIS) in rats and its associated mechanism with cell pyroptosis mediated by the NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammatory

pathway. Methods: A total of 48 SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the

sham-operation group, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model group, the electroacupuncture group,

and the inhibitor (MCC950) group, with 12 rats in each group. A rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model was

established using the modified Zea-Longa method. The electroacupuncture group received electroacupuncture

intervention starting on the first day after modeling, once a day for 14 days. The inhibitor group was

administered an intraperitoneal injection of MCC950 (3 mg/kg) during the same period, once a day for 14 days.

The sham-operation group and the model group received no intervention. The degree of neurological deficit was

evaluated using the Zea Longa 5-point neurological function score. The cerebral infarction volume was detected

by TTC staining, and the survival status of neurons was observed by Nissl staining. The mRNA and protein

expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, and their downstream Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in brain tissue were

detected using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR),

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa), and Western blot (WB) techniques. Results: Compared with the

sham-operation group, the neurological deficit score of rats in the model group was significantly increased (P<

0.001), the cerebral infarction volume was significantly enlarged (P<0.001), the number of Nissl bodies

decreased, and neuronal morphology was damaged. The mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD,

Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were all significantly upregulated (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Compared with the model

group, the above indicators in the electroacupuncture group and the inhibitor group were significantly improved:

the neurological function score decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.001), the cerebral infarction volume decreased (P<

0.001), the number of Nissl bodies increased, and neuronal morphology was more intact (P<0.001). The mRNA

and protein expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, and their downstream inflammatory factors were significantly

decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). Moreover, there were no statistical differences in the various indicators between the

electroacupuncture group and the inhibitor group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Electroacupuncture can inhibit the activation of the NLRP3/

Caspase-1 inflammatory pathway, downregulate the expression of cell pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, GSDMD) and downstream

pro-inflammatory factors (Caspase-1, IL-1 β, IL-18), reduce neuroinflammatory damage after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, decrease

cerebral infarction volume, and improve neurological function. Its neuroprotective effect is comparable to that of NLRP3 inhibitor

intervention.

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Research on the Mechanism by Which Probiotics Improve Cognitive Function in AD Rats through Regulating Microglial Polarization

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241209

Accepted: 2025-12-19

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To observe the effects of probiotics on cognitive function changes in Alzheimer's disease

(AD) rats, and to preliminarily explore its underlying mechanism. Methods: Ninety male rats were divided into

three groups: sham-operated group, model group, and (model+probiotics) group, with 30 rats in each group. In

the sham-operated group, sterile water was injected into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 regions of the rats. In the

model group, Aβ1-42 was injected into the same regions. In the (model +probiotics) group, Aβ1-42 was injected into

the bilateral hippocampal CA1 regions, followed by probiotic gavage. Cognitive function was evaluated in each

group of rats. Immunofluorescence was used to detect changes in microglial cells (M1 and M2) in the cortical

and hippocampal regions. Primary microglial cells were isolated and cultured, and the expression of IBA1 was

observed using immunofluorescence, along with the measurement of phagocytosis. Results: The (model +

probiotics) group exhibited significantly enhanced correct channel selection ability in the Y-maze test compared

to the model group, with an increase in correct channel selection ability (P<0.05). Compared with the

sham-operated group, the expression of IBA1 protein in the hippocampal tissue was significantly elevated in

both the model group and the (model + probiotics) group (P<0.01), with no statistically significant difference

between the model group and the (model+probiotics) group (P>0.05). Compared with the sham-operated group,

the expression of M1-type microglial cells increased in the cortical and hippocampal regions of both the model

group and the (model + probiotics) group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the (model + probiotics)

group showed a significant increase in the number of M2-type microglial cells in the cortical and hippocampal

regions (P<0.05), along with a decrease in the M1/M2 microglial cell ratio in these regions (P<0.05).

Additionally, the phagocytic activity of microglial cells against Aβ was significantly stronger in the (model+

probiotics) group than in the model group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in TH17

levels among the three groups (P<0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed in Treg

levels or the Th17/Treg ratio. Conclusion: Probiotics can improve spatial exploration ability and working

memory capacity in rats and enhance the phagocytic function of microglial cells. The mechanism may involve

inhibiting the conversion of M1-type to M2-type microglial cells.

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Exploring the Mechanism of Intraorbital Electroacupuncture in Promoting Repair of Oculomotor Nerve Injury in Rats Based on Ferroptosis

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241391

Accepted: 2025-12-18

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To observe the effect of intraorbital electroacupuncture on nerve function in a rat model

of oculomotor nerve injury and explore its underlying mechanism in oculomotor nerve functional reconstruction

from the perspective of ferroptosis. Methods: A total of 108 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were

randomly divided into six groups: blank group, sham-operation group, model group, electroacupuncture group,

inducer group, and (electroacupuncture + inducer) group, with 18 rats in each group. Assessments were

conducted at postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, with 6 rats evaluated at each time point. An oculomotor nerve

injury model was established (the sham-operation group only involved exposure of the nerve). The

electroacupuncture group received daily electroacupuncture stimulation of the periorbital muscles for 20 minutes

for 14 consecutive days postoperatively. General condition, oculomotor nerve function, and mitochondrial

ultrastructure (examined via electron microscopy) were evaluated in each group at postoperative days 1, 7, and

14, along with the detection of ferroptosis-related indicators. At postoperative day 14, Western blot analysis was

performed to detect GPX4 and SLC7A11. Results: There were no significant differences in all indicators

between the blank group and the sham-operation group. On postoperative day 1, no significant differences were

observed between the electroacupuncture group and the model group. However, on postoperative days 7 and 14,

all indicators in the electroacupuncture group showed significant improvement compared to the model group.

The model group exhibited significant injury at all time points compared to the sham-operation group. The injury

in the model group was less severe than that in the inducer group. On postoperative day 1, there were no

differences between the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group and the inducer group. On postoperative days 7

and 14, the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed significant improvement compared to the inducer

group. On postoperative day 1, the model group exhibited mitochondrial atrophy and reduced cristae, while the

electroacupuncture group showed milder injury, the inducer group exhibited severe injury, and the

(electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed morphological abnormalities. On postoperative day 7, the model

group demonstrated significant mitochondrial atrophy and cristae loss, the electroacupuncture group showed

injury, the inducer group exhibited persistent swelling and rupture, and the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group

showed partial recovery compared to the inducer group but still exhibited abnormalities. On postoperative day

14, the model group still showed mitochondrial atrophy and cristae loss, the electroacupuncture group had mitochondria close to normal,

the inducer group exhibited progressive swelling and rupture, and the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed significant

improvement compared to the inducer group but still had defects (incomplete membrane repair and disordered cristae). Conclusion:

Intraorbital electroacupuncture may promote the recovery of oculomotor nerve function in rats by regulating the expression of Fe2+ , MDA,

GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11, improving mitochondrial structure, and reducing ferroptosis.

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Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Suspension Exercise Training on Balance Ability and Motor Function in Post-stroke Hemiplegic Patients

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250127

Accepted: 2025-11-14

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To investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

combined with suspension exercise training on balance ability and motor function in patients with hemiplegia

after stroke. Methods: A total of 82 patients with hemiplegia after stroke were selected and randomly divided

into a suspension exercise group and a combined treatment group, with 41 patients in each group, using a random

number table method. Patients in the suspension exercise group received suspension exercise training, while

those in the combined treatment group received rTMS therapy in addition to suspension exercise training.

Balance ability, motor function, activities of daily living (ADL), and walking ability were evaluated before

treatment (T

0

) and after 2 weeks of treatment (T

1

) in both groups. Results: At T

1

, both the suspension exercise

group and the combined treatment group showed significant reductions in motion ellipse area, motion distance

under open-eye and closed-eye conditions, and the 10-meter walk test (10 MWT). Additionally, significant

improvements were observed in Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, Upper Extremity Motor Function Assessment

Scale (FMA-UE) scores, Lower Extremity Motor Function Assessment Scale (FMA-LE) scores, Modified

Barthel Index (MBI) scores, and Holden Walking Function Classification (Holden) levels (P<0.05). Moreover,

statistically significant differences in these indicators were found between the two groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: rTMS combined with suspension exercise training can effectively improve balance ability and

motor function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke.

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Research on the Causal Association Between Gut Microbiota and Fronto-Temporal Dementia Based on Mendelian Randomization

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241447

Accepted: 2025-11-14

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To explore the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and fronto-temporal

dementia (FTD). Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for gut microbiota and FTD were

obtained from the MiBioGen and IEU OpenGWAS project websites, respectively. Genetic variants associated

with both gut microbiota and FTD were selected as instrumental variables. Commonly used methods in

Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted

median (WME) method, MR-Egger method, simple mode (SM) method, and weighted mode (WM) method,

were employed for the MR analysis. The causal relationship between gut microbiota and FTD was ultimately

determined based on the P-value derived from the IVW method. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q test,

pleiotropy was evaluated using the pleiotropy function, horizontal pleiotropy was detected using MR-PRESSO,

and directionality was tested using the Steiger test. Results: Genetic variants associated with FTD were

screened and used as instrumental variables. A causal association was identified between Ruminococcus and

FTD (OR=0.134, 95% CI: 0.028～0.637, P<0.05), as well as between Family_XIII_UCG_001 (a member of the

Clostridium genus in the rectum) and FTD (OR=10.672, 95% CI: 2.001～56.921, P<0.05). No heterogeneity was

observed in the causal associations of Ruminococcus and Family_XIII_UCG_001 with FTD (P>0.05).

Additionally, no horizontal pleiotropic effects were detected for these associations (P>0.05). MR-PRESSO

analysis confirmed the absence of horizontal pleiotropy (P>0.05), and the Steiger test validated the directionality

of the causal relationships between Ruminococcus, Family_XIII_UCG_001, and FTD (P<0.05). Conclusion: A

negative causal relationship exists between Ruminococcus and FTD, while a positive causal relationship exists

between Family_XIII_UCG_001 (of the Clostridium genus in the rectum) and FTD.

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Study on the Effect of Pelvic Regulation Training in Transfer Tasks on the Motor Ability of Early Stroke Patients

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250359

Accepted: 2025-11-14

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To investigate the impact of pelvic regulation training during transfer tasks on the motor

ability of patients with early-stage stroke. Methods: A total of 60 stroke patients with a disease duration of less

than 1 month were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30).

Both groups received conventional rehabilitation therapy. The control group received additional standardized

transfer task training, while the experimental group received modified transfer task training centered on pelvic

regulation. The treatment lasted for 2 weeks. Before and after treatment, both groups were evaluated using the

Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Functional Ambulation Category scale (FAC), and

the Root Mean Square (RMS) value, a time-domain indicator of surface electromyography. Additionally, a

correlation analysis was conducted between the post-treatment RMS values and the BBS, MBI, and FAC

evaluation indicators in the experimental group. Results: Before treatment, there were no statistically significant

differences in the BBS, MBI, FAC, and RMS evaluation indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). After

treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in BBS, MBI, FAC, and RMS compared to before

treatment (P<0.001). The experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of BBS, MBI, FAC, and

RMS evaluation indicators (P<0.05). In the experimental group, the post-treatment RMS values were

significantly correlated with BBS, MBI, and FAC (P<0.001). Conclusion: Incorporating modified transfer task

training centered on pelvic regulation into conventional rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve the

balance function, activities of daily living (ADL), and walking ability of patients with early-stage stroke.

Moreover, pelvic regulation ability is a crucial factor in enhancing the motor ability of these patients.

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Advances in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated MicroRNA Delivery for Treating Ischemic Stroke

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250228

Accepted: 2025-10-20

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Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, yet effective treat

ments—particularly for its sequelae—are still lacking. Emerging evidence highlights the significant potential of

extracellular vesicles (EVs) acting as natural nanocarriers for MicroRNA (miRNA) delivery in promoting neuro

logical recovery after ischemic stroke. This review comprehensively examines the relationships between EVs

from diverse cellular origins and ischemic stroke pathology. We explore their therapeutic roles in enhancing

post-stroke neurogenesis, modulating immune responses, stimulating angiogenesis, and suppressing apoptosis.

By synthesizing recent advances in this field, this paper proposes a promising and forward-looking therapeutic

strategy based on EV-mediated miRNA delivery for patients affected by ischemic stroke.

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Progress on Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Immune Diseases

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250262

Accepted: 2025-10-14

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), as a classic neurostimulation technique, has traditionally been used

for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, depression, and other neurological disorders. It is mainly divided into

implantable VNS and transcutaneous VNS. In recent years, VNS has demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory

effects in several animal studies and shown new potential applications in immune-mediated diseases. This article

systematically reviews clinical studies on VNS treatment for various immunological diseases, such as rheuma

toid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, analyzing its stimulation methods and technical characteristics,

clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and safety. Evidence indicates that VNS exerts a dual, bidirectional regu

latory effect on inflammation among immune disease patients via parallel engagement of the cholinergic anti-in

flammatory pathway (CAP) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with their crosstalk. Such

modulation significantly improves symptomatology. This comprehensive review examines the therapeutic poten

tial of VNS in neuroimmunological disorders, intending to serve as a reference framework for subsequent investi

gations.

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Research Progress of Executive Function

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250235

Accepted: 2025-10-11

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Executive dysfunction seriously affects the daily life and work of individuals, which is common in the

healthy elderly and patients with a variety of mental and neurological diseases, and brings a huge burden to the

family and society. Therefore, executive function has become an important area of research. However, the

concept and assessment methods are not unified, and many treatment methods are still being explored. In order to

understand executive function in depth, this review aims to summarize the relevant literature and systematically

introduce the conceptual classification, brain network basis, neuropsychological assessment and intervention

methods of executive function. Understanding the mechanism of action of different intervention modalities is the

key to the development of precision treatment programs. This article will focus on analyzing the biological and

cognitive basis behind these intervention effects, with a view to improving the prognosis of patients with

executive dysfunction, help improve their quality of life.

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Neural Network Disinhibition and Compensation in Patients with Ischemic Stroke: Evidence from Resting-State and Task-State fNIRS

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250287

Accepted: 2025-10-09

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To analyze the cerebral cortical oxygenation changes in stroke patients and healthy

controls during resting-state and task-state conditions using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

technology. Methods: A total of 27 stroke patients (stroke group) and 15 healthy controls (healthy control

group) were included. Brain oxygenation changes during resting-state and the Verbal Fluency Task (VFT) were

collected using an fNIRS device. Results: Resting-state analysis revealed that the functional connectivity

strength across 26 channels involving multiple brain regions was higher in the stroke group compared to the

healthy control group, suggesting possible hyperactivation and compensatory mechanisms in the stroke group.

During the VFT task-state, the stroke group exhibited higher activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

(DLPFC), right Broca's area, and left somatosensory cortex (SSC) compared to the healthy control group (P<

0.05). Significant differences in oxygen concentration were observed in the right DLPFC and right Broca's area

(P<0.05), while no significant difference was found in the left SSC. Conclusion: The cerebral functional

changes observed during resting-state and task-state conditions reflect disinhibition and compensatory

mechanisms in the brain following stroke, indicating that the stroke group may exhibit distinct neural adaptation

and reorganization phenomena in brain network function.

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Effect of Virtual Reality Technology on Cognitive Function in Stroke Patients: a Meta-analysis

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250105

Accepted: 2025-09-29

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To systematically evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods: A computer-based search was conducted across multiple domestic and international databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating VR interventions in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. The search period spanned from the inception of the databases to January 7, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results: A total of 14 studies, involving 723 patients, were ultimately included. All included studies were of high quality, with PEDro scale scores ranging from 6 to 10. Meta-analysis results indicated that VR technology significantly improved the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score [MD=2.53, 95% CI (0.82, 4.24), P=0.004], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [MD=1.68, 95% CI (1.12, 2.24), P<0.00001], the P300 latency [MD=－25.48, 95% CI (－38.99, －11.96), P=0.0002], the P300 amplitude [MD=0.72, 95% CI (0.14, 1.30), P=0.02], and the Barthel Index or Modified Barthel Index (BI or MBI) score [MD=5.14, 95% CI (3.25, 7.03), P<0.00001] in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. However, no significant effects were observed on the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A) score [MD=－12.47, 95% CI (－27.16, 2.23), P=0.10] or the TMT-B score [MD=－ 44.35, 95% CI (－ 117.45, 28.74), P=0.23]. Conclusion: VR technology can improve cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) abilities in stroke patients.

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Research Progress of Multimodal MRI in Clinical Evaluation of Epilepsy

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250161

Accepted: 2025-09-29

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Multimodal MRI can describe structure, function and perfusion changes of epilepsy from different perspectives, offering advantages such as multi-sequence, multi-plane imaging, high resolution, and non-invasiveness. This paper elaborates on the current application status, challenges faced, and future development directions of multimodal MRI technology in the field of clinical evaluation of epilepsy. It summarizes its role in locating the epileptogenic zone and improving diagnostic accuracy, analyzes the current limitations and corresponding countermeasures, and looks forward to the prospects of integrating this technology with other techniques.

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Research on the Cross-Impact Mechanism of Light Pollution with Epilepsy and Biological Rhythm

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250140

Accepted: 2025-09-29

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The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

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Research Progress on Progressive Non-fluent Aphasia

Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250184

Accepted: 2025-09-29

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Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.

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