Motor dysfunction is one of the severe sequelae of spinal cord injury (SCI). As an emerging neuromodulation technique, epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) involves implanting electrodes into the epidural space of the spinal cord to directly stimulate spinal neurons. It can effectively activate the residual function of neural pathways below the injury level, markedly increase the excitability of motor neurons caudal to the lesion, and even enable patients with complete SCI to regain voluntary motor functions such as standing and stepping. This article systematically reviews the fundamental principles, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of eSCS.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics and related influencing factors in drug‑naive patients with newly‑diagnosed Parkinson's disease accompanied by depression (Depression in Parkinson's disease, DPD), and to construct a nomogram risk‑prediction model. Methods: A total of 268 consecutive drug‑naive patients with newly‑diagnosed Parkinson's disease (PD) admitted to the Department of Neurology, Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from October 2021 to July 2025 were enrolled. General clinical data and results of relevant scale assessments were collected. Patients were divided into two groups according to the 24‑item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD‑24): patients with HAMD‑24 score <8 points were assigned to the non‑DPD group, and those with HAMD‑24 score ≥8 points to the DPD group. Univariate analysis was performed to compare inter‑group differences in general clinical data and clinical scale scores. Variables with statistically significant differences screened by univariate analysis were included in the multivariate Logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for depression in drug‑naive newly‑diagnosed PD patients. A nomogram was plotted based on these factors to establish the DPD risk‑prediction model. Results: Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant inter‑group differences in UPDRS-Ⅱ, UPDRS-Ⅲ, Hoehn‑Yahr (H‑Y) stage, HAMA, MMSE, MoCA, PDSS, NMSQ, RBD, olfactory score and KPPS score (all P<0.05). These differentially distributed variables were further entered into the multivariate Logistic regression model. The results demonstrated that HAMA, PDSS, RBD, olfactory score and KPPS score were independent influencing factors for depression in newly‑diagnosed PD patients (all P<0.05). The prediction model built on the five independent risk factors yielded an area under the receiver‑operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.796 (95%CI 0.755～0.837), indicating favorable discriminatory power of the model. The calibration curve showed high consistency between model‑predicted values and actual observed values. Decision‑curve analysis suggested prominent clinical net benefit and satisfactory applicability of the model. Conclusion: HAMA, PDSS, RBD, olfactory score and KPPS score are independent influencing factors for depression in drug‑naive newly‑diagnosed PD patients. The prediction model constructed from the above indicators exhibits good predictive performance.

and protein expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, and their downstream inflammatory factors were significantly

The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.