Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) is a highly disabling mental illness characterized primarily by unnecessary compulsive thinking and behavior. In terms of genetics, abnormalities in the functions of the serotonin, glutamate, and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system, as well as abnormalities in biological processes such as inflammation and intracellular signal transduction, may be related to the occurrence and development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Single nucleotide polymorphism may be an important reason for these abnormalities at the molecular biology level. Therefore, studying the polymorphisms of popular candidate genes in different pathogenesis mechanisms is crucial for analyzing the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and there is potential in predicting risk factors and accurate treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Classify patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) tremor based on the heterogeneity of clinical features and electrophysiological characteristics of tremor. Methods: Clinical data (including motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, progression rate, disease stage) and electrophysiological characteristics of 220 patients with PD tremor were collected. Based on these clinical features and electrophysiological parameters, these patients were classified by K-means cluster analysis. We used the silhouette coefficients corresponding to K ranging from 2 to 10 to determine the optimal number of clusters. Results: Based on the above methods, PD patients with tremor were clustered into two subtypes. (1) Subtype 1 (85 cases): rapid progression of tremor, good response to levodopa, and electromyographic analysis showing predominantly 4～6 Hz resting tremor; (2) Subtype 2 (135 cases): slow progression of tremor, poor response to levodopa, and electromyographic analysis revealing irregular jerky movements. Significant differences were observed between the two subtypes in disease duration, motor symptom scores, rigidity scores, tremor scores, axial symptom scores, levodopa-equivalent doses, rigidity/tremor score ratios, progression rates of tremor, responsiveness of motor symptoms and tremor to levodopa, frequency distribution of upper limb resting, postural, intentional, and postural action tremors, as well as patterns of muscle contraction (all P<0.05). Conclusion: There is heterogeneity in both clinical features and electrophysiological characteristics of PD patients with tremor. Based on this heterogeneity, PD patients with tremor can be classified into two subtypes.

To preliminarily verify the efficacy and safety of using modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots for rehabilitation training in patients with spinal cord injury. Methods: A total of 100 inpatients with spinal cord injury were enrolled and divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 50 cases in each group, taking into account the spinal cord injury segment, severity, and personal willingness. All patients received conventional treatment. On this basis, the control group underwent conventional motor therapy training conducted by professional rehabilitation therapists for 60 minutes daily, while the experimental group received rehabilitation robot training for 60 minutes daily, both for a total of 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM- Ⅲ), patient vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), and adverse event records were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Results: After treatment, motor scores, MBI scores, and SCIM-Ⅲ scores significantly improved in both groups (P<0.001). The experimental group showed significant improvements in light touch and pinprick sensation scores (P<0.05), while the control group showed no improvement (P>0.05). After treatment, the SCIM- Ⅲ score in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group (P<0.05), with no statistically significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots and conventional motor therapy training contribute to improving motor function, enhancing activities of daily living, and increasing independence in patients with spinal cord injury. However, modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots demonstrate superior efficacy in improving patient independence and sensory function and are safe and effective in assisting with rehabilitation training and positional changes for patients with high-level spinal cord injuries.

To investigate whether behavioral differences exist between female and male wild-type C57 mice in conditioned fear extinction experiments, providing a reference for the equal use of both sexes in fear conditioning and extinction-related studies. Methods: Fear levels, freezing episodes, freezing level per episode, and locomotor activity during conditioned stimulus presentation were measured through auditory-cued fear conditioning, extinction, and retrieval experiments. Behavioral differences between sexes were compared. Results: In fear conditioning and extinction experiments, no significant differences were observed between female and male mice across the four behavioral metrics. During the fear extinction retrieval test, female mice exhibited a higher freezing level per episode upon the first conditioned stimulus presentation, while no significant differences were found in other metrics. Conclusion: Wild-type C57 mice of both sexes show no behavioral differences in fear conditioning and extinction experiments, supporting their equal use in such studies. However, potential sex-based differences in the ability to maintain extinction memory suggest caution when investigating fear memory retention.

To monitor the cerebral cortical activation in healthy subjects and stroke patients during walking under virtual reality (VR) environment in real-time using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and to preliminarily explore the changes in brain activity of stroke patients under VR gait rehabilitation training. Methods: A total of 17 stroke patients and 17 healthy volunteers were recruited and assigned to the stroke group and the control group, respectively. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used to assess the balance function of the subjects, and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) was used to evaluate their walking function. The fNIRS was employed to collect data on the concentration of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) in the brain regions of the two groups of subjects at rest, during stepping in a general environment, and during stepping in a VR environment. The correlation between the significantly activated channels in the brain regions of the two groups and the scores of BBS and TUGT was analyzed. Results: (1) At rest, compared with the control group, the stroke group had a lower HbO concentration in the left sensorimotor cortex (P< 0.05) and a higher HbO concentration in the right sensorimotor cortex (P<0.05). (2) During the general stepping task, the activation of the right motor cortex decreased in stroke patients (P<0.05), while the activation of the left sensory cortex increased (P<0.05). In the VR stepping task, the activation of the left prefrontal cortex increased in stroke patients (P<0.05). (3) Spearman correlation analysis of the channels with significant differences in brain region activation between the two groups and the total scores of Berg and TUGT scores showed that in the VR stepping task, the activation of the prefrontal cortex (ch9) was negatively correlated with the total scores of Berg (r=－0.521, P=0.003), and positively correlated with the TUGT scores (r=0.434, P=0.017). Conclusion: The mechanism by which VR affects the walking function of stroke patients may be related to changes in the activation of the prefrontal cortex.

To systematically evaluate the effect of various interventions on the improvement of swallowing function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Medline and Web of science databases were searched to collect RCTs on different treatment methods for dysphagia in Parkinson's patients from inception to March 15, 2024. RevMan 5.4.1 software was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies, and Stata 17.0 software was used for network meta-analysis. Results: A total of 29 studies involving 1 870 patients were included, involving 13 treatment methods such as acupuncture, electrical stimulation, and respiratory training. The results of network meta-analysis showed that the best training effect was respiratory training in improving the clinical efficiency and PAS of Parkinson's disease. In terms of improving SSA and Kubota drinking water scores, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation have the best effect. Conclusion: The existing evidence shows that respiratory training is the most likely to be the best intervention for Parkinson's dysphagia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation also have certain advantages.

To conduct a visual analysis of relevant literature on the application of artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease research through bibliometric analysis. Methods: The Web Of Science core database was used as the data source for this paper. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer1.6.20 software were used to conduct bibliometric analyses on the annual number of publications, country/region, institution, keywords, authors and cited literature. Results: Ultimately, 2 043 articles meeting the criteria were included, and the number of publications in this field has been growing rapidly. Articles in this research area have been published by a total of 87 countries/regions. Among them, the United States, China, and Italy are high-yield countries, with Harvard Medical School being the leading institution. The top three authors in terms of publication volume are Gabriella Olmo, Alice Nieuwboer, and Lynn Rochester. High-frequency keywords in this field mainly include Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation, and gait, etc.; the latest emerging term is rehabilitation. The application of AI in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly distributed in neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology, and other fields. Among the journals where papers are published, SENSORS ranks first in both publication volume and H-index, while MOVEMENT DISORDERS has the highest impact factor (IF). The most frequently co-cited literature primarily focuses on the integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with AI technology for the early diagnosis of PD. Conclusion: In recent years, AI has been developing rapidly in the medical field, and its application to PD has been increasing year by year, mainly focusing on the prediction of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of PD.

To explore rehabilitation options for dysphagia induced by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in post-stroke patients. Methods: A patient with post-stroke sequelae who developed COVID-19-induced dysphagia for more than one month underwent a two-stage comprehensive assessment and treatment. In the first stage, intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the bilateral swallowing cortex, balloon dilation therapy, and standard swallowing rehabilitation exercise were performed five times per week for two weeks. In the second stage, iTBS was applied to the suprahyoid muscles for an additional two weeks. Assessments were performed before treatment (T0), after the first stage (T1) and after the second stage (T2). The assessment indicators included the Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA), Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPR-SRS) and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) based on Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) of suprahyoid muscles, and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results: Compared with T0, there was no significant improvement in swallowing function at the end of T1, with moderate to severe residue observed in the epiglottic vallecula and pyriform sinus. The patient could only attempt minimal liquid intake. Compared with the end of T1, the patient's swallowing function was significantly improved at the end of T2, with the SSA score decreasing from 32 to 22. YPR-SRS improved from moderate/severe residue to mild/trace residue, the PAS score decreased from 4 to 1, and the FOIS increased from 2 to 6. The patient could consume food orally with the exception of large gulps. The MEP latency reduced, and the amplitude increased in the bilateral suprahyoid muscles. The fNIRS results revealed a significant increase in the functional connectivity of the cortical swallowing network. Conclusion: iTBS to the suprahyoid muscles and bilateral swallowing cortex combined with balloon dilation is a safe and effective rehabilitation therapy for treating post-COVID-19 dysphagia in post-stroke patients, potentially by improving the function of the supraglottic muscles and increasing the excitability of swallowing-associated cortical areas and functional connectivity of brain networks.

To systematically evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods: A computer-based search was conducted across multiple domestic and international databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating VR interventions in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. The search period spanned from the inception of the databases to January 7, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results: A total of 14 studies, involving 723 patients, were ultimately included. All included studies were of high quality, with PEDro scale scores ranging from 6 to 10. Meta-analysis results indicated that VR technology significantly improved the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score [MD=2.53, 95% CI (0.82, 4.24), P=0.004], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [MD=1.68, 95% CI (1.12, 2.24), P<0.00001], the P300 latency [MD=－25.48, 95% CI (－38.99, －11.96), P=0.0002], the P300 amplitude [MD=0.72, 95% CI (0.14, 1.30), P=0.02], and the Barthel Index or Modified Barthel Index (BI or MBI) score [MD=5.14, 95% CI (3.25, 7.03), P<0.00001] in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. However, no significant effects were observed on the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A) score [MD=－12.47, 95% CI (－27.16, 2.23), P=0.10] or the TMT-B score [MD=－ 44.35, 95% CI (－ 117.45, 28.74), P=0.23]. Conclusion: VR technology can improve cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) abilities in stroke patients.

To explore the possible subtypes and clinical characteristics of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness(PPPD). Methods: A total of 106 patients diagnosed with PPPD were selected from the Shanxi People’s Hospital between May 2023 and December 2023. General and clinical data of the patients were collected; upon admission, questionnaires including the Niigata PPPD Questionnaire(NPQ), Dizziness Handicap Inventory(DHI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were administered. Factor analysis was conducted on the scale items, followed by cluster analysis based on the results of the factor analysis, with characteristic analysis performed for each patient group. Results: Factor analysis revealed three factors, named active motor factor(32.82% ), visual stimulation factor(14.80% ), and upright position factor(10.97% ). Cluster analysis identified three subtypes: visual stimulation-dominant subtype(n=25), posture control-dominant subtype(n=24), and active motor-dominant subtype(n=57). There were statistically significant differences in age, occupation, and family history of headaches among the three subtypes(P<0.05). The visual stimulation-dominant subtype patients had younger ages, with a notable family history of headache, and worked primarily as bank/supermarket clerks; the posture control-dominant subtype mainly consisted of civil servants, teachers; while the active motor-dominant subtype included predominantly workers, farmers. No statistically significant differences were found in other clinical data(P>0.05). Conclusion: The most common exacerbating factor for PPPD is active movement; it can be divided into three subtypes, each with significant characteristics in terms of age, occupation, and family history of headaches.

Respiratory muscle dysfunction is a common complication of stroke, which can lead to decreased strength and atrophy of the respiratory muscles, increased incidence of pulmonary infection, and increased risk of non-vascular death in patients. This paper reviews the mechanisms, main assessment methods, and rehabilitation approaches for respiratory muscle dysfunction in stroke patients, in order to provide references for clinical rehabilitation and research on respiratory muscle dysfunction in stroke patients. The analysis shows that stroke can cause respiratory muscle dysfunction due to primary lesions in the central nervous system, secondary neuromuscular injury, and iatrogenic injury; commonly used clinical assessment methods include ultrasound, peak cough flow, pulmonary ventilation function tests, respiratory mechanics indexes measurement, electrophysiological examination, etc. Acoustic analysis can be used as one of the future visualization assessment and guidance for respiratory rehabilitation. Commonly used clinical rehabilitation approaches include external diaphragm pacing, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, airway management, respiratory muscle training, etc. The electric standing bed can be used as one of the means to prevent infection and improve respiratory muscle function in critically ill patients.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common neurotraumatic damage, which may lead to paralysis or even death in patients and impose a significant medical burden on society. Various forms of regulated cell deaths (RCD), such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and so on, occur during the process of SCI. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecules or free radicals produced during incomplete reduction of oxygen in cellular metabolism, regulate RCD through various mechanisms in SCI, thereby influencing its prognosis. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which ROS regulate RCD in SCI in recent years.

The vestibular system is an important sensory system within the human body, primarily responsible for maintaining balance and posture control. When vestibular function is impaired, a phenomenon called vestibular compensation occurs immediately, which is a process in which the central nervous system maintains the body's balance through adaptive regulation and compensatory mechanisms. This article reviews the process, mechanism, intervention strategies, evaluation, and measurement of vestibular compensation, in order to provide reference for future clinical treatment methods and research.

睡眠剥夺是导致神经炎症、氧化应激及认知功能障碍的重要诱因，其机制与星形胶质细胞的活化密 切相关。星形胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统的关键调控者，通过A1/A2极化表型在睡眠剥夺中发挥双重作 用：A1型通过释放促炎因子和神经毒素加剧神经炎症及突触损伤，而A2型则通过分泌神经营养因子和抗 炎介质促进神经修复。本文系统综述了睡眠剥夺中星形胶质细胞的活化机制及相关信号通路：NF-κB通 路、MAPK通路在、SHH通路和JAK-STAT通路。研究表明，慢性睡眠剥夺通过炎症介质积累及星形胶质 细胞过度激活导致认知障碍，而调控其极化表型（如抑制A1型或增强A2型）可能成为干预睡眠剥夺相关 神经损伤的新策略。未来需进一步解析星形胶质细胞极化的时空特异性及信号网络交互作用，为靶向治 疗提供理论依据。

Spasticity is a movement disorder caused by the high excitability of the stretch reflex, which is characterized by the speed-dependent enhancement of the tonic stretch reflex with tendon hyperreflexia. It is a common complication in patients with upper motor neuron injury. Surgical treatment is an effective treatment for patients with severe spasticity who fail to respond to drug and physical therapy. In order to ensure the smooth operation and good effect, the patient should be professionally evaluated before operation. This article summarizes the application and prospect of peripheral nerve surgery and emerging neuromodulation techniques in the field of spasm treatment. These techniques aim to improve the spasticity of patients and promote brain plasticity by reducing muscle tension and re-establishing the connection between the injured site and the brain, which is of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.

Depression is a common mental disorder that causes significant suffering and burden to patients and their families. In recent years, the emergence of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has provided a non-invasive intervention for depression patients. Non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training involves real-time monitoring of brain activity during training and providing feedback to patients, enabling them to learn to self-regulate their brain activity. This review explores the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training in the treatment of depression and analyzes its potential mechanisms, including neurotransmitter regulation, brain region functional remodeling, and enhancement of neuroplasticity. In addition, the article also discusses the limitations of the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training, aiming to enhance its potential in the treatment of depression.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common complication of stroke, which seriously affects the daily life, work and social interaction of stroke patients. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a special repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) mode. Compared with traditional rTMS, TBS has the advantages of short application time, better tolerance and lasting therapeutic effect, and can induce persistent excitatory changes in the cerebral cortex. More and more studies have been conducted in the treatment of PSCI, and its efficacy has been confirmed in clinical studies. This study focuses on summarizing the research progress of TBS in the four cognitive rehabilitation fields of attention, language, executive, and memory after stroke, and combing and integrating the mechanism of action of TBS in the treatment of PSCI, so as to provide reference for the further development of TBS treatment of PSCI.

Multimodal MRI can describe structure, function and perfusion changes of epilepsy from different perspectives, offering advantages such as multi-sequence, multi-plane imaging, high resolution, and non-invasiveness. This paper elaborates on the current application status, challenges faced, and future development directions of multimodal MRI technology in the field of clinical evaluation of epilepsy. It summarizes its role in locating the epileptogenic zone and improving diagnostic accuracy, analyzes the current limitations and corresponding countermeasures, and looks forward to the prospects of integrating this technology with other techniques.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis is complex, and current clinical treatments cannot halt disease progression and have numerous side effects. There is an urgent need to develop new and effective clinical treatments to improve the clinical symptoms and prognosis of MS patients. Remyelination can provide benefits throughout the entire course of MS, making it a highly promising treatment approach for MS. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, responsible for myelin regeneration in MS, have their regenerative capacity influenced by various microenvironmental factors. This article provides the first review of the impact and mechanisms of microenvironmental factors such as innate immune cells, myelin debris, extracellular matrix, astrocytes, neurons, pericytes and endothelial cells, adaptive immune cells, peripheral circulation, and aging on MS remyelination, aiming to offer references for the prevention and treatment of MS.

Bones are highly dynamic and adaptive tissues that undergo continuous remodeling for growth, healing of injuries, and regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In the maintenance of bone homeostasis, osteoblasts with bone-forming functions and osteoclasts with bone-resorbing functions play crucial roles. Dysfunction of these two types of cells can lead to a disruption of bone homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, as a core regulatory bridge between the central nervous system and the skeletal system, has an irreplaceable physiological significance in maintaining bone homeostasis. This article reviews recent studies on osteoblast-osteoclast communication and the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of bone resorption and remodeling. The results show that the autonomic nervous system can secrete neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine, activate adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on cells, regulate related genes such as PER1, PER2, Bmal1, RUNX2, and OPN, as well as signaling pathways like cAMP/PKA/CREB and Wnt/β-catenin, thereby affecting osteoblasts and osteoclasts and modulating various physiological activities during bone reconstruction.

Walking disability in stroke patients is an important cause of falls. The assessment of walking function is a significant part of the functional evaluation for stroke patients. Traditional assessment methods, primarily based on observation and scales, are highly subjective and fail to achieve rapid and precise quantitative assessment. Walking function assessment technology based on wearable devices, as a rehabilitation assessment method that can provide real-time and continuous monitoring of gait and balance functions, helps in detecting the walking function and rehabilitation efficacy of stroke patients, and plays a positive role in predicting their prognosis. Therefore, wearable devices have broad application prospects in the assessment of post-stroke walking function. This article reviews the research progress of surface electromyography detection technology, wearable plantar pressure measurement technology, and wearable inertial measurement unit assessment technology in the evaluation of walking function after stroke.

The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.

Traditional intervention methods for fear-related psychological disorders (such as specific phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder) are challenged by drug dependence and insufficient cultural adaptability. Music therapy, with its non-invasive nature and cross-cultural potential, has emerged as a new option, but there is still a gap in the integration of its mechanisms and the fusion of traditional Chinese and Western medical theories. Through a systematic review of recent studies, this paper proposes an integrated model of“Five Elements Music - Neural Plasticity”, which for the first time links the frequency characteristics of the Chinese Yu mode music (40~80 Hz) with the regulation of neurotransmitters (5-HT, GABA) and the functions of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus). This paper further constructs a ternary model of“frequency - neurotransmitter – emotion”, providing evidence-based guidance for the setting of music parameters, and proposes the neural mechanism by which group intervention alleviates social anxiety through the mirror neuron system. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the standardized treatment of fear-related psychological disorders with music therapy.