and protein expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, and their downstream inflammatory factors were significantly

showed partial recovery compared to the inducer group but still exhibited abnormalities. On postoperative day

Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) is a highly disabling mental illness characterized primarily by unnecessary compulsive thinking and behavior. In terms of genetics, abnormalities in the functions of the serotonin, glutamate, and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system, as well as abnormalities in biological processes such as inflammation and intracellular signal transduction, may be related to the occurrence and development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Single nucleotide polymorphism may be an important reason for these abnormalities at the molecular biology level. Therefore, studying the polymorphisms of popular candidate genes in different pathogenesis mechanisms is crucial for analyzing the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and there is potential in predicting risk factors and accurate treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Classify patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) tremor based on the heterogeneity of clinical features and electrophysiological characteristics of tremor. Methods: Clinical data (including motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, progression rate, disease stage) and electrophysiological characteristics of 220 patients with PD tremor were collected. Based on these clinical features and electrophysiological parameters, these patients were classified by K-means cluster analysis. We used the silhouette coefficients corresponding to K ranging from 2 to 10 to determine the optimal number of clusters. Results: Based on the above methods, PD patients with tremor were clustered into two subtypes. (1) Subtype 1 (85 cases): rapid progression of tremor, good response to levodopa, and electromyographic analysis showing predominantly 4～6 Hz resting tremor; (2) Subtype 2 (135 cases): slow progression of tremor, poor response to levodopa, and electromyographic analysis revealing irregular jerky movements. Significant differences were observed between the two subtypes in disease duration, motor symptom scores, rigidity scores, tremor scores, axial symptom scores, levodopa-equivalent doses, rigidity/tremor score ratios, progression rates of tremor, responsiveness of motor symptoms and tremor to levodopa, frequency distribution of upper limb resting, postural, intentional, and postural action tremors, as well as patterns of muscle contraction (all P<0.05). Conclusion: There is heterogeneity in both clinical features and electrophysiological characteristics of PD patients with tremor. Based on this heterogeneity, PD patients with tremor can be classified into two subtypes.

To preliminarily verify the efficacy and safety of using modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots for rehabilitation training in patients with spinal cord injury. Methods: A total of 100 inpatients with spinal cord injury were enrolled and divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 50 cases in each group, taking into account the spinal cord injury segment, severity, and personal willingness. All patients received conventional treatment. On this basis, the control group underwent conventional motor therapy training conducted by professional rehabilitation therapists for 60 minutes daily, while the experimental group received rehabilitation robot training for 60 minutes daily, both for a total of 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM- Ⅲ), patient vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), and adverse event records were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Results: After treatment, motor scores, MBI scores, and SCIM-Ⅲ scores significantly improved in both groups (P<0.001). The experimental group showed significant improvements in light touch and pinprick sensation scores (P<0.05), while the control group showed no improvement (P>0.05). After treatment, the SCIM- Ⅲ score in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group (P<0.05), with no statistically significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots and conventional motor therapy training contribute to improving motor function, enhancing activities of daily living, and increasing independence in patients with spinal cord injury. However, modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots demonstrate superior efficacy in improving patient independence and sensory function and are safe and effective in assisting with rehabilitation training and positional changes for patients with high-level spinal cord injuries.

To monitor the cerebral cortical activation in healthy subjects and stroke patients during walking under virtual reality (VR) environment in real-time using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and to preliminarily explore the changes in brain activity of stroke patients under VR gait rehabilitation training. Methods: A total of 17 stroke patients and 17 healthy volunteers were recruited and assigned to the stroke group and the control group, respectively. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was used to assess the balance function of the subjects, and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) was used to evaluate their walking function. The fNIRS was employed to collect data on the concentration of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) in the brain regions of the two groups of subjects at rest, during stepping in a general environment, and during stepping in a VR environment. The correlation between the significantly activated channels in the brain regions of the two groups and the scores of BBS and TUGT was analyzed. Results: (1) At rest, compared with the control group, the stroke group had a lower HbO concentration in the left sensorimotor cortex (P< 0.05) and a higher HbO concentration in the right sensorimotor cortex (P<0.05). (2) During the general stepping task, the activation of the right motor cortex decreased in stroke patients (P<0.05), while the activation of the left sensory cortex increased (P<0.05). In the VR stepping task, the activation of the left prefrontal cortex increased in stroke patients (P<0.05). (3) Spearman correlation analysis of the channels with significant differences in brain region activation between the two groups and the total scores of Berg and TUGT scores showed that in the VR stepping task, the activation of the prefrontal cortex (ch9) was negatively correlated with the total scores of Berg (r=－0.521, P=0.003), and positively correlated with the TUGT scores (r=0.434, P=0.017). Conclusion: The mechanism by which VR affects the walking function of stroke patients may be related to changes in the activation of the prefrontal cortex.

To conduct a visual analysis of relevant literature on the application of artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease research through bibliometric analysis. Methods: The Web Of Science core database was used as the data source for this paper. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer1.6.20 software were used to conduct bibliometric analyses on the annual number of publications, country/region, institution, keywords, authors and cited literature. Results: Ultimately, 2 043 articles meeting the criteria were included, and the number of publications in this field has been growing rapidly. Articles in this research area have been published by a total of 87 countries/regions. Among them, the United States, China, and Italy are high-yield countries, with Harvard Medical School being the leading institution. The top three authors in terms of publication volume are Gabriella Olmo, Alice Nieuwboer, and Lynn Rochester. High-frequency keywords in this field mainly include Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation, and gait, etc.; the latest emerging term is rehabilitation. The application of AI in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly distributed in neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology, and other fields. Among the journals where papers are published, SENSORS ranks first in both publication volume and H-index, while MOVEMENT DISORDERS has the highest impact factor (IF). The most frequently co-cited literature primarily focuses on the integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with AI technology for the early diagnosis of PD. Conclusion: In recent years, AI has been developing rapidly in the medical field, and its application to PD has been increasing year by year, mainly focusing on the prediction of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of PD.

To systematically evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods: A computer-based search was conducted across multiple domestic and international databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating VR interventions in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. The search period spanned from the inception of the databases to January 7, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results: A total of 14 studies, involving 723 patients, were ultimately included. All included studies were of high quality, with PEDro scale scores ranging from 6 to 10. Meta-analysis results indicated that VR technology significantly improved the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score [MD=2.53, 95% CI (0.82, 4.24), P=0.004], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [MD=1.68, 95% CI (1.12, 2.24), P<0.00001], the P300 latency [MD=－25.48, 95% CI (－38.99, －11.96), P=0.0002], the P300 amplitude [MD=0.72, 95% CI (0.14, 1.30), P=0.02], and the Barthel Index or Modified Barthel Index (BI or MBI) score [MD=5.14, 95% CI (3.25, 7.03), P<0.00001] in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. However, no significant effects were observed on the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A) score [MD=－12.47, 95% CI (－27.16, 2.23), P=0.10] or the TMT-B score [MD=－ 44.35, 95% CI (－ 117.45, 28.74), P=0.23]. Conclusion: VR technology can improve cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) abilities in stroke patients.

睡眠剥夺是导致神经炎症、氧化应激及认知功能障碍的重要诱因，其机制与星形胶质细胞的活化密 切相关。星形胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统的关键调控者，通过A1/A2极化表型在睡眠剥夺中发挥双重作 用：A1型通过释放促炎因子和神经毒素加剧神经炎症及突触损伤，而A2型则通过分泌神经营养因子和抗 炎介质促进神经修复。本文系统综述了睡眠剥夺中星形胶质细胞的活化机制及相关信号通路：NF-κB通 路、MAPK通路在、SHH通路和JAK-STAT通路。研究表明，慢性睡眠剥夺通过炎症介质积累及星形胶质 细胞过度激活导致认知障碍，而调控其极化表型（如抑制A1型或增强A2型）可能成为干预睡眠剥夺相关 神经损伤的新策略。未来需进一步解析星形胶质细胞极化的时空特异性及信号网络交互作用，为靶向治 疗提供理论依据。

Spasticity is a movement disorder caused by the high excitability of the stretch reflex, which is characterized by the speed-dependent enhancement of the tonic stretch reflex with tendon hyperreflexia. It is a common complication in patients with upper motor neuron injury. Surgical treatment is an effective treatment for patients with severe spasticity who fail to respond to drug and physical therapy. In order to ensure the smooth operation and good effect, the patient should be professionally evaluated before operation. This article summarizes the application and prospect of peripheral nerve surgery and emerging neuromodulation techniques in the field of spasm treatment. These techniques aim to improve the spasticity of patients and promote brain plasticity by reducing muscle tension and re-establishing the connection between the injured site and the brain, which is of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.

Depression is a common mental disorder that causes significant suffering and burden to patients and their families. In recent years, the emergence of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has provided a non-invasive intervention for depression patients. Non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training involves real-time monitoring of brain activity during training and providing feedback to patients, enabling them to learn to self-regulate their brain activity. This review explores the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training in the treatment of depression and analyzes its potential mechanisms, including neurotransmitter regulation, brain region functional remodeling, and enhancement of neuroplasticity. In addition, the article also discusses the limitations of the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training, aiming to enhance its potential in the treatment of depression.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common complication of stroke, which seriously affects the daily life, work and social interaction of stroke patients. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a special repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) mode. Compared with traditional rTMS, TBS has the advantages of short application time, better tolerance and lasting therapeutic effect, and can induce persistent excitatory changes in the cerebral cortex. More and more studies have been conducted in the treatment of PSCI, and its efficacy has been confirmed in clinical studies. This study focuses on summarizing the research progress of TBS in the four cognitive rehabilitation fields of attention, language, executive, and memory after stroke, and combing and integrating the mechanism of action of TBS in the treatment of PSCI, so as to provide reference for the further development of TBS treatment of PSCI.

Multimodal MRI can describe structure, function and perfusion changes of epilepsy from different perspectives, offering advantages such as multi-sequence, multi-plane imaging, high resolution, and non-invasiveness. This paper elaborates on the current application status, challenges faced, and future development directions of multimodal MRI technology in the field of clinical evaluation of epilepsy. It summarizes its role in locating the epileptogenic zone and improving diagnostic accuracy, analyzes the current limitations and corresponding countermeasures, and looks forward to the prospects of integrating this technology with other techniques.

Bones are highly dynamic and adaptive tissues that undergo continuous remodeling for growth, healing of injuries, and regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In the maintenance of bone homeostasis, osteoblasts with bone-forming functions and osteoclasts with bone-resorbing functions play crucial roles. Dysfunction of these two types of cells can lead to a disruption of bone homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, as a core regulatory bridge between the central nervous system and the skeletal system, has an irreplaceable physiological significance in maintaining bone homeostasis. This article reviews recent studies on osteoblast-osteoclast communication and the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of bone resorption and remodeling. The results show that the autonomic nervous system can secrete neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine, activate adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on cells, regulate related genes such as PER1, PER2, Bmal1, RUNX2, and OPN, as well as signaling pathways like cAMP/PKA/CREB and Wnt/β-catenin, thereby affecting osteoblasts and osteoclasts and modulating various physiological activities during bone reconstruction.

The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.

Traditional intervention methods for fear-related psychological disorders (such as specific phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder) are challenged by drug dependence and insufficient cultural adaptability. Music therapy, with its non-invasive nature and cross-cultural potential, has emerged as a new option, but there is still a gap in the integration of its mechanisms and the fusion of traditional Chinese and Western medical theories. Through a systematic review of recent studies, this paper proposes an integrated model of“Five Elements Music - Neural Plasticity”, which for the first time links the frequency characteristics of the Chinese Yu mode music (40~80 Hz) with the regulation of neurotransmitters (5-HT, GABA) and the functions of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus). This paper further constructs a ternary model of“frequency - neurotransmitter – emotion”, providing evidence-based guidance for the setting of music parameters, and proposes the neural mechanism by which group intervention alleviates social anxiety through the mirror neuron system. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the standardized treatment of fear-related psychological disorders with music therapy.