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Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction

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  • 2026 Volume 21 Issue 9
    Published: 25 September 2026
      
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  • Research on the Mechanism by Which Probiotics Improve Cognitive Function in AD Rats through Regulating Microglial Polarization
    LI Dan, MENG Xinling, ZHANG Yujie, LIU Ting, MA Na, FANG Jiangshan, MA Haizhe
    2026, 21(9): 497-502. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241209
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    Objective: To observe the effects of probiotics on cognitive function changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats, and to preliminarily explore its underlying mechanism. Methods: Ninety male rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated group, model group, and (model+probiotics) group, with 30 rats in each group. In the sham-operated group, sterile water was injected into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 regions of the rats. In the model group, Aβ1-42 was injected into the same regions. In the (model +probiotics) group, Aβ1-42 was injected into the bilateral hippocampal CA1 regions, followed by probiotic gavage. Cognitive function was evaluated in each group of rats. Immunofluorescence was used to detect changes in microglial cells (M1 and M2) in the cortical and hippocampal regions. Primary microglial cells were isolated and cultured, and the expression of IBA1 was observed using immunofluorescence, along with the measurement of phagocytosis. Results: The (model+probiotics) group exhibited significantly enhanced correct channel selection ability in the Y-maze test compared to the model group, with an increase in correct channel selection ability (P<0.05). Compared with the sham-operated group, the expression of IBA1 protein in the hippocampal tissue was significantly elevated in both the model group and the (model+probiotics) group (P<0.01), with no statistically significant difference between the model group and the (model+probiotics) group (P>0.05). Compared with the sham-operated group, the expression of M1-type microglial cells increased in the cortical and hippocampal regions of both the model group and the (model + probiotics) group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the (model+probiotics) group showed a significant increase in the number of M2-type microglial cells in the cortical and hippocampal regions (P<0.05), along with a decrease in the M1/M2 microglial cell ratio in these regions (P<0.05). Additionally, the phagocytic activity of microglial cells against Aβ was significantly stronger in the (model+probiotics) group than in the model group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in TH17 levels among the three groups (P<0.05), whereas no statistically significant differences were observed in Treg levels or the Th17/Treg ratio. Conclusion: Probiotics can improve spatial exploration ability and working memory capacity in rats and enhance the phagocytic function of microglial cells. The mechanism may involve inhibiting the conversion of M1-type to M2-type microglial cells.
  • Early Acupuncture Activates vPAG P2rx7 to Promote Arousal in Comatose TBI Rats
    SHAO Yuying1,2, ZHANG Jiayu1, LU Jing4, QU Yuanyuan2, GUO Shuhao4, ZHU Minghang4, SUN Weibo5, YANG Tiansong2,3, SUN Dongwei1
    2026, 21(9): 503-508. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241211
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    Objective: To investigate whether early acupuncture affects arousal in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) by regulating P2rx7 receptor-mediated neuronal activity in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) region. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12 each): control (Con), sham, model (Mod), and acupuncture (Acu). TBI was induced in the Mod and Acu groups using an electronic controlled cortical impact (eCCI) device. The sham group underwent craniotomy only without cortical impact, and the Con group received standardized housing. Injury severity and recovery were assessed using the Level I-VI consciousness scale, coma duration measurement, and neurological deficit score. Midbrain tissue was harvested, and the ultrastructure of vPAG neurons was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Protein and mRNA expression levels of P2rx7 and c-Fos in the midbrain were determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. Results: Compared with the Mod group, the Acu group showed the most pronounced change in consciousness level at 12 h after modeling, significantly shortened coma duration, and a stabilized neurological deficit score after 24 h (P<0.01). Transmission electron microscopy revealed relatively intact nuclei, intact pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and increased postsynaptic density protein in the Acu group. Compared with the Mod group, the Acu group exhibited significantly elevated protein and mRNA expression levels of P2rx7 and c-Fos (P<0.01). Conclusion: Early acupuncture may promote arousal in comatose TBI rats by activating P2rx7 receptors in the vPAG region, thereby improving neuronal activity and repairing damaged brain tissue.
  • Exploring the Mechanism of Intraorbital Electroacupuncture in Promoting Repair of Oculomotor Nerve Injury in Rats Based on Ferroptosis
    YAO Bing1, LI Yuan1, LIU Tongyan2, FANG Shanshan1, ZHOU Lingyun1
    2026, 21(9): 509-531. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20241391
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    Objective: To observe the effect of intraorbital electroacupuncture on nerve function in a rat model of oculomotor nerve injury and explore its underlying mechanism in oculomotor nerve functional reconstruction from the perspective of ferroptosis. Methods: A total of 108 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank group, sham-operation group, model group, electroacupuncture group, inducer group, and (electroacupuncture + inducer) group, with 18 rats in each group. Assessments were conducted at postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, with 6 rats evaluated at each time point. An oculomotor nerve injury model was established (the sham-operation group only involved exposure of the nerve). The electroacupuncture group received daily electroacupuncture stimulation of the periorbital muscles for 20 minutes for 14 consecutive days postoperatively. General condition, oculomotor nerve function, and mitochondrial ultrastructure (examined via electron microscopy) were evaluated in each group at postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, along with the detection of ferroptosis-related indicators. At postoperative day 14, Western blot analysis was performed to detect GPX4 and SLC7A11. Results: There were no significant differences in all indicators between the blank group and the sham-operation group. On postoperative day 1, no significant differences were observed between the electroacupuncture group and the model group. However, on postoperative days 7 and 14, all indicators in the electroacupuncture group showed significant improvement compared to the model group. The model group exhibited significant injury at all time points compared to the sham-operation group. The injury in the model group was less severe than that in the inducer group. On postoperative day 1, there were no differences between the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group and the inducer group. On postoperative days 7 and 14, the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed significant improvement compared to the inducer group. On postoperative day 1, the model group exhibited mitochondrial atrophy and reduced cristae, while the electroacupuncture group showed milder injury, the inducer group exhibited severe injury, and the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed morphological abnormalities. On postoperative day 7, the model group demonstrated significant mitochondrial atrophy and cristae loss, the electroacupuncture group showed injury, the inducer group exhibited persistent swelling and rupture, and the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed partial recovery compared to the inducer group but still exhibited abnormalities. On postoperative day 14, the model group still showed mitochondrial atrophy and cristae loss, the electroacupuncture group had mitochondria close to normal, the inducer group exhibited progressive swelling and rupture, and the (electroacupuncture + inducer) group showed significant improvement compared to the inducer group but still had defects (incomplete membrane repair and disordered cristae). Conclusion: Intraorbital electroacupuncture may promote the recovery of oculomotor nerve function in rats by regulating the expression of Fe2+, MDA, GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11, improving mitochondrial structure, and reducing ferroptosis.
  • Effect of Quercetin on Behavioral Disorders in Mice with Parkinson's Syndrome by Regulating Nrf2-ARE Signaling Pathway
    MA Chao1, YANG Senlin1, LIU Mingliang1, WANG Yingxia2, WANG Xin2
    2026, 21(9): 515-550. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20240881
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    Objective: To investigate the effects of quercetin (QUE) on behavioral disorders and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling pathway in Parkinson's disease (PD) mice. Methods: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group, PD group, low-dose QUE group (QUE-L group), high-dose QUE group (QUE-H group), and high-dose QUE combined with pathway inhibitor ML385 group (QUE-H+ML385 group), with 18 mice in each group. After drug administration, the behavioral performance of BALB/c mice was evaluated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe the pathological changes in the substantia nigra of brain tissue, and Nissl staining was used to assess the survival of neurons. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein (α-syn) in the substantia nigra region, and Western blot was used to measure the expressions of proteins related to the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Results: Compared with the control group, the PD group showed disorganized arrangement of nigral dopaminergic neurons, reduced number of neurons with shrunken cell bodies, decreased number of Nissl bodies, lower suspension test scores, shorter rolling rod balance time, longer balance beam traversal time, elevated MDA level and α-syn expression, as well as decreased levels of SOD, GSH-Px and reduced expressions of TH, Nrf2, and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) (all P<0.05). Compared with the PD group, the QUE-L and QUE-H groups presented relatively ordered arrangement of nigral dopaminergic neurons, increased number of neurons with relatively normal morphology, more Nissl bodies, higher suspension test scores, longer rolling rod balance time, shorter balance beam traversal time, decreased MDA level and α-syn expression, as well as elevated levels of SOD, GSH-Px and increased expressions of TH, Nrf2, and NQO1 (all P<0.05). Compared with the QUE-H group, the QUE-H+ML385 group exhibited disorganized arrangement of dopaminergic neurons, significantly reduced number of neurons with abnormal morphology, markedly decreased number of Nissl bodies, lower suspension test scores, shorter rolling rod balance time, longer balance beam traversal time, increased MDA level and α-syn expression, as well as reduced levels of SOD, GSH-Px and decreased expressions of TH, Nrf2, and NQO1 (all P<0.05). Conclusion: QUE can improve motor behavioral disorders in PD mice, and the mechanism may be related to the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
  • Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Suspension Exercise Training on Balance Ability and Motor Function in Post-stroke Hemiplegic Patients
    ZHANG Lichun, MA di, YANG Fei, HE Yanjun, XU Quan
    2026, 21(9): 520-523. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250127
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    Objective: To investigate the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with suspension exercise training on balance ability and motor function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke. Methods: A total of 82 patients with hemiplegia after stroke were selected and randomly divided into a suspension exercise group and a combined treatment group, with 41 patients in each group, using a random number table method. Patients in the suspension exercise group received suspension exercise training, while those in the combined treatment group received rTMS therapy in addition to suspension exercise training. Balance ability, motor function, activities of daily living (ADL), and walking ability were evaluated before treatment (T0) and after 2 weeks of treatment (T1) in both groups. Results: At T1, both the suspension exercise group and the combined treatment group showed significant reductions in motion ellipse area, motion distance under open-eye and closed-eye conditions, and the 10-meter walk test (10 MWT). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, Upper Extremity Motor Function Assessment Scale (FMA-UE) scores, Lower Extremity Motor Function Assessment Scale (FMA-LE) scores, Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores, and Holden Walking Function Classification (Holden) levels (P<0.05). Moreover, statistically significant differences in these indicators were found between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: rTMS combined with suspension exercise training can effectively improve balance ability and motor function in patients with hemiplegia after stroke.
  • Effect of Virtual Reality Technology on Cognitive Function in Stroke Patients: a Meta-analysis
    CHENG Xiaofei1, YANG Yuanyuan1, LIANG Chunting1, WANG Dehua1, LI Sihui1, YAO Xiaoduo2, FENG Luye1, TANG Jiqin3
    2026, 21(9): 524-531. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250105
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    Objective: To systematically evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods: A computer-based search was conducted across multiple domestic and international databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating VR interventions in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. The search period spanned from the inception of the databases to January 7, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results: A total of 14 studies, involving 723 patients, were ultimately included. All included studies were of high quality, with PEDro scale scores ranging from 6 to 10. Meta-analysis results indicated that VR technology significantly improved the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score [MD=2.53, 95% CI (0.82, 4.24), P=0.004], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [MD=1.68, 95% CI (1.12, 2.24), P<0.00001], the P300 latency [MD=－25.48, 95% CI (－38.99, －11.96), P=0.0002], the P300 amplitude [MD=0.72, 95% CI (0.14, 1.30), P=0.02], and the Barthel Index or Modified Barthel Index (BI or MBI) score [MD=5.14, 95% CI (3.25, 7.03), P<0.00001] in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. However, no significant effects were observed on the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A) score [MD=－12.47, 95% CI (－27.16, 2.23), P=0.10] or the TMT-B score [MD=－44.35, 95% CI (－117.45, 28.74), P=0.23]. Conclusion: VR technology can improve cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) abilities in stroke patients.
  • Research Progress of Executive Function
    ZHENG Anjia, ZHANG Yumeib
    2026, 21(9): 532-535. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250235
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    Executive dysfunction seriously affects the daily life and work of individuals, which is common in the healthy elderly and patients with a variety of mental and neurological diseases, and brings a huge burden to the family and society. Therefore, executive function has become an important area of research. However, the concept and assessment methods are not unified, and many treatment methods are still being explored. In order to understand executive function in depth, this review aims to summarize the relevant literature and systematically introduce the conceptual classification, brain network basis, neuropsychological assessment and intervention methods of executive function. Understanding the mechanism of action of different intervention modalities is the key to the development of precision treatment programs. This article will focus on analyzing the biological and cognitive basis behind these intervention effects, with a view to improving the prognosis of patients with executive dysfunction, help improve their quality of life.
  • Research Progress on the Neural Networks and Related Regulatory Mechanisms of Acupuncture in Improving Post-Stroke Spasticity
    CHEN Siyu1, WANG Yuqi2, KANG Xingyu1, MA Le1, SHI Shuai3
    2026, 21(9): 536-540. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250701
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    Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), as one of the common complications following a stroke, not only severely impacts patients' daily lives and imposes a heavy burden on families and society but also serves as a major contributor to the high disability rate after stroke. Clinically, acupuncture therapy is the most widely applied and effective treatment in the field of PSS, owing to its simple and convenient operation, which can significantly reduce muscle tone in the affected limbs. This paper reviews and summarizes the mechanisms of action of acupuncture therapy in improving PSS based on neural networks and related regulatory mechanisms, providing an innovative theoretical framework for precise treatment, prognosis evaluation, and clinical application translation of PSS.
  • Research Progress of Multimodal MRI in Clinical Evaluation of Epilepsy
    XIE Lin, JIN Enhao, SUN Yunpeng, CUI Yuqing, ZHANG Ying
    2026, 21(9): 541-545. https://doi.org/10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.20250161
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    Multimodal MRI can describe structure, function and perfusion changes of epilepsy from different perspectives, offering advantages such as multi-sequence, multi-plane imaging, high resolution, and non-invasiveness. This paper elaborates on the current application status, challenges faced, and future development directions of multimodal MRI technology in the field of clinical evaluation of epilepsy. It summarizes its role in locating the epileptogenic zone and improving diagnostic accuracy, analyzes the current limitations and corresponding countermeasures, and looks forward to the prospects of integrating this technology with other techniques.