The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.