To investigate whether the expression of FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus regions is associated with susceptibility to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in male rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly subjected into control and CUMS groups. After four-week CUMS, rats exposed to CUMS were divided into susceptible and resistant groups based on the results of behavioral tests. Then, tissue samples were obtained from the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus to ascertain the expression of FKBP51 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Furthermore, the linear correlations between depressive behaviors and hippocampal FKBP51 expression in rats were analyzed. Subsequently, hippocampal neurogenesis was detected, and cytosolic and nuclear GR expression was observed in PC12 cells. Results: Compared with the control group, CUMS-susceptible rats exhibited elevated FKBP51 mRNA and protein levels and decreased GR mRNA and protein levels in the hippocampus, whereas there was no significant difference in the CUMS-resistant groups. The depressive behavior in rats was found to be positively correlated with expression of FKBP51 in the hippocampus. Additionally, elevated FKBP51 may affected neuron activity and the expression and intracellular distribution of GR. Conclusion: The elevated FKBP51 in the hippocampus may be involved in susceptibility to CUMS in male rats by affecting neuron activity and GR expression and its intracellular distribution.

To preliminarily verify the efficacy and safety of using modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots for rehabilitation training in patients with spinal cord injury. Methods: A total of 100 inpatients with spinal cord injury were enrolled and divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 50 cases in each group, taking into account the spinal cord injury segment, severity, and personal willingness. All patients received conventional treatment. On this basis, the control group underwent conventional motor therapy training conducted by professional rehabilitation therapists for 60 minutes daily, while the experimental group received rehabilitation robot training for 60 minutes daily, both for a total of 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM- Ⅲ), patient vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), and adverse event records were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Results: After treatment, motor scores, MBI scores, and SCIM-Ⅲ scores significantly improved in both groups (P<0.001). The experimental group showed significant improvements in light touch and pinprick sensation scores (P<0.05), while the control group showed no improvement (P>0.05). After treatment, the SCIM- Ⅲ score in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group (P<0.05), with no statistically significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots and conventional motor therapy training contribute to improving motor function, enhancing activities of daily living, and increasing independence in patients with spinal cord injury. However, modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots demonstrate superior efficacy in improving patient independence and sensory function and are safe and effective in assisting with rehabilitation training and positional changes for patients with high-level spinal cord injuries.

To evaluate the improvement effect of cognitive-motor dual-task training (CMDT) on cognitive function in post-stroke patients via Meta-analysis. Methods: Domestic and international databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science (from database establishment to October 2024) were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CMDT for post-stroke cognitive impairment. RevMan 5.4.1 was used for Meta-analysis. Primary outcome measures included Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test A (TMT-A); the secondary outcome measure was modified Barthel Index (MBI), to assess the cognitive function improvement of stroke patients after CMDT intervention. Results: A total of 12 literatures (10 in Chinese, 2 in English) were included, with a total sample size of 1032 cases. Meta-analysis showed that the scores of MMSE and MoCA in the experimental group were significantly increased after treatment (WMD=2.55, 95%CI 1.35～ 3.75, P<0.01) (WMD=3.28, 95%CI 2.25～4.32, P<0.01). The TMT-A score was significantly decreased (WMD= － 9.95, 95% CI － 12.35 ～ － 7.55, P<0.05). The MBI score in the experimental group was significantly increased (WMD=12.58, 95% CI 10.31～14.86, P<0.01). Conclusion: CMDT can effectively improve the cognitive function of post-stroke patients.

To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating anxiety and depression in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) through a meta-analysis. Methods: From database inception to January 2024, seven databases—CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase—were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to acupuncture for anxiety and depression in FD. Revman 5.3 and Stata 17.0 were used for outcome analysis. Results: A total of 832 FD patients were included (416 in the treatment group, 416 in the control group). Compared with the control group, acupuncture significantly improved SAS [MD=－0.55, 95% CI (－1.01, －0.10)], SDS [MD=－1.18, 95% CI (－1.84, －0.52)], HADS [MD=－3.01, 95% CI (－4.73, －1.29)], dyspepsia symptom score [MD=－1.55, 95% CI (－2.04, －1.07)], and total effective rate [MD= 2.62, 95% CI (1.70, 4.01)]. For HAMA [MD=－4.73, 95% CI (－11.59, 2.12)] and HAMD [MD=－4.35, 95% CI (－9.15, 0.44)], the differences were not statistically significant as the confidence intervals crossed zero. Conclusion: Acupuncture can improve both symptoms and anxiety/depression in patients with functional dyspepsia; however, the level of evidence remains low.

To explore the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with Tongdu Liqiao acupuncture on the risk of aspiration pneumonia in patients with dysphagia after cerebral infarction, and to analyze the changes in swallowing function based on the Difference-in-Differences (DID) model. Methods: A total of 120 patients diagnosed with dysphagia after cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from October 2022 to April 2024 were divided into an acupuncture group and a combined group via the random number table method, with 60 patients in each group. Both groups received Tongdu Liqiao acupuncture, and the combined group was additionally treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation. The clinical efficacy and incidence of aspiration pneumonia were compared between the two groups. The DID model was used to compare the changes in swallowing function before and after treatment. Patients were further subdivided into a pneumonia subgroup and a non-pneumonia subgroup according to whether aspiration pneumonia occurred. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influencing factors for aspiration pneumonia in patients with post-cerebral infarction dysphagia. Results: After 1 month of treatment, the total effective rate in the combined group was higher than that in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). At 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment, the SSA scores of the combined group were lower, while the FOIS scores were higher compared with the acupuncture group (P<0.05). DID regression results revealed more prominent changes in SSA and FOIS scores in the combined group relative to the acupuncture group. The treatment effect interacted with time; with prolonged treatment duration, the SSA score decreased by 76.38% and the FOIS score increased by 30.92% (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of aspiration pneumonia between the two groups, and the incidence curve of aspiration pneumonia in the combined group was lower than that in the acupuncture group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with Tongdu Liqiao acupuncture can improve the overall therapeutic efficacy, accelerate the recovery of swallowing function, and prevent the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia in patients with dysphagia after cerebral infarction.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, pathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Current diagnosis primarily relies on clinical symptoms, and there remains a lack of early and specific biomarkers. Exosomes (EXs), as nanoscale extracellular vesicles capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, carry molecular information such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids derived from the central nervous system, offering a new perspective for the diagnosis of PD. This article systematically reviews the significant potential of major biomolecules within EXs as novel biomarkers, as well as the challenges faced by current isolation techniques.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) is a highly disabling mental illness characterized primarily by unnecessary compulsive thinking and behavior. In terms of genetics, abnormalities in the functions of the serotonin, glutamate, and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system, as well as abnormalities in biological processes such as inflammation and intracellular signal transduction, may be related to the occurrence and development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Single nucleotide polymorphism may be an important reason for these abnormalities at the molecular biology level. Therefore, studying the polymorphisms of popular candidate genes in different pathogenesis mechanisms is crucial for analyzing the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and there is potential in predicting risk factors and accurate treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Stroke is one of the high-risk diseases leading to global mortality and disability. Beyond conventional pharmacological therapy and endovascular treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), as one of the recent hot research directions, has been widely applied in multiple clinical fields, including carbon monoxide poisoning, arterial gas embolism, hearing loss, gas gangrene, skin grafting, radiation injury, and traumatic brain injury. However, the evidence supporting HBOT as a treatment modality for ischemic stroke still needs to be further strengthened. Through a literature review, this article explores the beneficial mechanisms of HBOT for ischemic stroke from the perspective of basic research, including anti-neuroinflammation, elevation of oxygen partial pressure and oxygen saturation, anti-oxidative stress, modulation of red blood cells, reduction of apoptosis and necrosis, promotion of angiogenesis, improvement of cerebral tissue energy metabolism, neuronal repair, promotion of neurogenesis, and protection of the blood-brain barrier.

Depression is a common mental disorder that causes significant suffering and burden to patients and their families. In recent years, the emergence of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has provided a non-invasive intervention for depression patients. Non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training involves real-time monitoring of brain activity during training and providing feedback to patients, enabling them to learn to self-regulate their brain activity. This review explores the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training in the treatment of depression and analyzes its potential mechanisms, including neurotransmitter regulation, brain region functional remodeling, and enhancement of neuroplasticity. In addition, the article also discusses the limitations of the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training, aiming to enhance its potential in the treatment of depression.