Lactylation is a recently discovered post-translational modification that occurs on both histone and non-histone proteins. Since the identification of lactylation modification sites on core histones by Zhang et al. in 2019, numerous researchers have shifted their focus towards exploring the relationship between lactylation and neurological disorders, aiming to regulate lactylation to improve the prognosis of central nervous system diseases. This article provides an overview of the associations and regulatory mechanisms between lactylation and various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. By gaining a deeper insight into the mechanistic roles of lactylation in different neurological diseases, valuable references are provided for future research endeavors.

Sleep disorders refer to abnormalities in sleep quality and quantity that lead to impaired daytime functioning. The incidence of sleep disorders after stroke is approximately 20% to 78%, which increases the risk of disability, stroke recurrence, and even death among post-stroke patients. This review analyzes the main clinical types, influencing factors, analytical tools, and intervention plans of sleep disorders commonly occurring in post-stroke patients, providing a theoretical basis for related research on patient sleep disorders.

Depression is one of the most common affective mental disorders, with over 400 million people worldwide suffering from depression. Early prediction and effective treatment of depression are crucial for the prognosis of the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), being the most widely studied class of non-coding RNAs, are involved in various mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of depression and are considered potential biomarkers for the condition. This article summarizes research on the role of miRNAs as early diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets across different types of depression, revealing their potential clinical significance in depression. It also presents reflections on the current state of research, aiming to provide references for antidepressant therapy.

Depression is one of the most common affective mental disorders, with over 400 million people worldwide suffering from depression. Early prediction and effective treatment of depression are crucial for the prognosis of the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), being the most widely studied class of non-coding RNAs, are involved in various mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of depression and are considered potential biomarkers for the condition. This article summarizes research on the role of miRNAs as early diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets across different types of depression, revealing their potential clinical significance in depression. It also presents reflections on the current state of research, aiming to provide references for antidepressant therapy.

The peripheral nervous system is a neural network that covers the entire body, but its widespread distribution makes it more susceptible to injury. With the annual increase in the incidence of peripheral nerve damage, regeneration and repair of nerve after injury have become the focus of various neuroscience research. The regeneration mechanism of the peripheral nerves is related to multiple cell populations, especially Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages. These are the two most important types of cells within the peripheral nerves, involved in the growth, repair, and reconstruction processes of the peripheral nerves. They promote the repair of nerve injuries through various aspects such as inflammatory response, cellular debris clearance, nutritional support, and axonal regeneration. This article provides an overview of the roles of SCs and macrophages in the regeneration and repair process of peripheral nerves, as well as their interactions, in order to offer new insights for basic and clinical research on peripheral nerve injuries.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by high clinical heterogeneity. Its diagnosis primarily relies on clinical symptoms and limited imaging evidence, making early diagnosis and treatment challenging. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging optical imaging technique that can indirectly reflect changes in brain metabolic activity. Currently, patients with PD exhibit enhanced activation of the frontal lobe in most studies involving motor tasks based on fNIRS, demonstrating the compensatory role of the frontal lobe in PD. In recent years, the scope of fNIRS research has gradually expanded to include non-motor symptoms and brain connectivity analysis in PD, a field that currently has limited research but offers significant potential for further study. This review focuses on the application of fNIRS in the clinical symptoms and rehabilitation treatment of PD, aiming to provide assistance for future research on PD.

Patients with cognitive dysfunction are often accompanied by neuropathy, in which brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the growth and survival of neurons. Current researches focus on its effect of improving motor dysfunction, but there is increasing evidence that BDNF also plays an important regulatory role in cognitive function. Nevertheless, most of the existing researches are limited to observing the change of its expression level, and fail to deeply explore the mechanism behind this change. This review summarizes the research progress of BDNF subtypes and their functions, and analyzes the relationship between BDNF and cognitive dysfunction from the aspects of learning and memory ability, synaptic structural plasticity and neurotransmitters, in order to provide reference for the basic research and clinical intervention of cognitive dysfunction.

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of depression, and it is also a difficult point in the treatment of depression. It is one of the important predictors for patients with long-term course, significant decline in quality of life and severe impairment of social function. Current research on the anhedonia phenotype of depression has provided important information for exploring the mechanism of its occurrence and development, but a complete and reliable etiological network has not yet been established, which limits the development of targeted therapy. Therefore, exploring the etiology of anhedonia phenotype in depression is of great significance for clinical treatment. This review summarizes the previous literature on anhedonia in depression, and introduces the research progress on the pathogenesis from the aspects of social psychological factors, physiological and biochemical factors, brain imaging, neural circuits and genetic inheritance.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a critical emergency in neurology, often associated with poor prognosis. Clinical studies have found that early brain injury (EBI) is widespread among SAH patients and may be a significant cause of poor outcomes. Preclinical research has made progress in understanding the mechanisms of EBI, with microglia being a major cellular component involved. The neuroinflammation in EBI is primarily driven by M1-type microglia, which participate in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal death; additionally, M2-phenotype microglia exhibit functions that alleviate cerebral edema and improve neurological damage. Therefore, elucidating the polarization of microglia after SAH and their involvement in EBI pathways is of great significance for intervening in the neuroinflammatory response to SAH.

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is an emerging rehabilitation technology in recent years. This technology primarily works by monitoring the motor intention signals emitted from the patient’s brain via BCI and converting these signals into control commands to drive the FES device, thereby helping the patient achieve intended movements through corresponding electrical stimulation. Compared to traditional rehabilitation techniques, it can more effectively promote limb function recovery in patients with central nervous system injuries. This article reviews the technology of BCI-FES, its mechanisms of action, and the current state of its application in clinical rehabilitation, aiming to provide theoretical foundations for the rehabilitation of central nervous system diseases and the promotion and use of BCI-FES.

To construct an m6A-related prognostic model for glioblastoma (GBM) and identify potential prognostic biomarkers regulated by m6A. Methods: Expression, clinical phenotype, and survival data of GBM were collected from TCGA and GEO, respectively, and 21 m6A regulatory factors were obtained from m6A2Target, of which 19 intersected with genes in TCGA-GBM. First, genes with differential expression between normal and cancer tissues were calculated based on TCGA-GBM expression data. Then, consistency clustering was performed based on differentially expressed m6A regulatory factors to identify subtypes, and a prognostic model based on differentially expressed genes between subtypes was constructed and validated using a test set. Results: We obtained 21 m6A regulatory factors from m6A2Target, of which 19 intersected with the genes included in TCGA-GBM. Among them, 6 m6A regulatory factors showed significantly higher expression in GBM. Based on the differential expression of m6A regulatory factors, two subtypes, cluster1 and cluster2, were identified through consensus clustering. Furthermore, patients in cluster2 exhibited higher immune scores and stromal scores, while cluster1 showed significantly higher overall tumor purity. Survival analysis revealed poorer prognosis in cluster2. A total of 6591 genes showed significant differential expression between cluster1 and cluster2. Through univariate and multivariate Cox regression, 171 significantly prognostic-related genes were selected. The LASSO-Cox regression constructed a prognostic risk model that demonstrated good performance in both the training set (TCGA-GBM) and the testing set (GSE121720). Conclusion: Multiple m6A factors show significant differences in GBM patients, and two groups of patients based on m6A typing have different prognoses. A prognostic model based on intergroup differences in m6A can guide patients' 5-year survival rate.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal neuronal discharges, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. This article reviews the inflammatory polarization of microglia and their dual role in epilepsy, including the proinflammatory damage of M1 microglia and the anti-inflammatory protective effects of M2 microglia based on the latest findings. Additionally, the article discusses the interplay between microglial polarization and other cellular functions, such as pyroptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. However, the exact role of the interactions between different microglial functions and their complex associations with other brain cells in the pathological mechanism of epilepsy remains unclear. By summarizing the latest research progress on microglial polarization in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this article highlights its therapeutic implications and potential challenges, providing insights for future research.

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is an important member of the Rho GTPase family. In physiological and pathological cases, Rac1 is closely associated with neuronal plasticity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory response. An increasing body of research indicates that Rac1 plays a significant role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). This article reviews the physiological role of Rac1 in regulating synaptic morphology and neuronal structural plasticity of neurons, as well as the pathological role of Rac1 in regulating CNS diseases, aiming to provide new insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.

Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is an important member of the Rho GTPase family. In physiological and pathological cases, Rac1 is closely associated with neuronal plasticity, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory response. An increasing body of research indicates that Rac1 plays a significant role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). This article reviews the physiological role of Rac1 in regulating synaptic morphology and neuronal structural plasticity of neurons, as well as the pathological role of Rac1 in regulating CNS diseases, aiming to provide new insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.

目的：探讨急性脑梗死（ACI）患者阿替普酶静脉溶栓后早期神经功能恶化(END)的危险因素，并分析 其中全身免疫炎症指数( SII)的作用。方法：收集安徽医科大学第二附属医院神经内科2019年6月至2023 年6月共228例发病4.5 h内接受标准剂量阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的ACI患者的所有基线资料。根据是否 出现END分为END组43例和非END组185例。对2组患者基线资料进行单因素数据分析，筛选出与END 有关的危险因素将其引入二元logistic回归分析模型中进一步分析；所得独立危险因素采用受试者工作特征 （ROC）曲线评估其对ACI 患者静脉溶栓后发生END的预测价值。结果：END组患者在年龄、溶栓前美国国 立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、 SII、国际标准化比值（INR）均高于非EDN组患者(均P＜0.05)。END组患者的心房颤动病史、服用抗血小板 聚集药物史、淋巴细胞计数、血红蛋白、甘油三酯均低于非EDN组(均P＜0.05)。二元logistic回归分析显示， 溶栓前NIHSS评分、SII是ACI患者静脉溶栓后发生END的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05)。ROC曲线分析显 示，溶栓前 NHISS 评分预测 ACI 患者静脉溶栓后发生 END 的 ROC 曲线下面积（AUC）为 0.722(95%CI： 0.633～0.812），灵敏度和特异度分别为62.8%和72.4%，最佳截断值为9.5。SII预测ACI患者静脉溶栓后发 生 END 的 AUC 为 0.717(95%CI：0.617～0.817），灵敏度和特异度分别为 55.8%和 84.3%，最佳截断值为 627.12×109 /L。结论：溶栓前NIHSS评分、SII是ACI患者静脉溶栓后发生END的独立危险因素。两者可在 一定程度上预测ACI患者阿替普酶静脉溶栓后的END发生。

To investigate the effect of exercise during pregnancy on anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male mice offspring and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Pregnant female mice were subjected to controlled wheel running (1 h/d) starting from day 2 of pregnancy until the day of birth. Maternal behavior was assessed weekly after delivery. Adolescent male offspring (4 weeks postpartum) underwent 2 weeks of chronic restraint stress for 3 hours daily before behavioral testing, and hippocampal tissue was collected to measure levels of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Results: Prenatal exercise increased maternal behavior in pregnant female mice, reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male offspring after chronic stress, and inhibited apoptosis and NLRP3-associated neuroinflammatory activation in the hippocampus. Conclusion: Wheel running during pregnancy increased maternal behavior in lactating female mice, reducing anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male offspring after chronic stress, possibly by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome-related neuroinflammatory activation.

To investigate the effect of exercise during pregnancy on anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male mice offspring and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Pregnant female mice were subjected to controlled wheel running (1 h/d) starting from day 2 of pregnancy until the day of birth. Maternal behavior was assessed weekly after delivery. Adolescent male offspring (4 weeks postpartum) underwent 2 weeks of chronic restraint stress for 3 hours daily before behavioral testing, and hippocampal tissue was collected to measure levels of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Results: Prenatal exercise increased maternal behavior in pregnant female mice, reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male offspring after chronic stress, and inhibited apoptosis and NLRP3-associated neuroinflammatory activation in the hippocampus. Conclusion: Wheel running during pregnancy increased maternal behavior in lactating female mice, reducing anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male offspring after chronic stress, possibly by inhibiting hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome-related neuroinflammatory activation.

To study the effects of dexmedetomidine and remimazolam tosilate on emergence agitation (EA) in adults patients in the post-anaesthetic care unit. Methods: This study is a single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 186 patients with EA occurring in the post-anaesthetic care unit, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled and randomly assigned to the remimazolam group (R group) or dexmedetomidine group (D group). Remimazel tosilate (0.1 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (0.4 μg/kg) was given intravenously, respectively. If the patient did not fall asleep, the above dosage was repeated until the patient fell asleep; then continuous infusion of remimazolam tosilate (20 mg/h) or dexmedetomidine (80 μg/h) was continued for 30 minutes. During treatment, vital signs, operative time, type of surgery, numerical rating scale (NRS) score, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) level, 4AT score, number of medications used, onset time and awakening time were collected. On postoperative day one to three, patients underwent 4AT testing and assessment of adverse events, and hospital stay data were recorded. Results: A total of 158 cases completed the study, with 79 cases in each R group and D group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in general information (P>0.05). The number of medications used by the R group was lower than that of the D group (P<0.05), and they fell asleep faster than the D group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in awakening time between the two groups (P>0.05). At T2 (time of sleep onset) and T3 (10 min after continuous infusion began), the mean blood pressure (MBP) in the D group was higher than that in the R group, and heart rate (HR) was lower than that in the R group (P<0.05); at T4 (20 min after continuous infusion began), the HR in the D group was lower than that in the R group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of delirium relapse between the two groups (P>0.05). During treatment, the incidence of sinus bradycardia and hypertension in the D group was higher than that in the R group, while the incidence of hypotension was lower than that in the R group (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in re- spiratory depression, sinus tachycardia, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, catheter-related bladder stimulation syndrome, chills, and delirium (all P>0.05). Before pharmacotherapy after EA occurrence, there was no significant difference in delirium incidence between the two groups (P>0.05); however, after treatment with remimazolam or dexmedetomidine, the probability of delirium occurrence significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both remimazolam tosilate and dexmedetomidine have good therapeutic effects on EA occurring in the post-anaesthetic care unit, with remimazolam tosilate having a faster onset and less suppression of circulation.

Survivors of stroke often have varying degrees of upper limb motor dysfunction, which limits their independence in daily life. Restoring upper limb motor function is crucial for regaining the ability to perform activities of daily living. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has become an important tool in stroke rehabilitation in recent years. This article reviews the progress in the application of different modes of TMS in the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke, including the mechanism of action and therapeutic effects. There is substantial evidence supporting the efficacy of repetitive TMS (rTMS) in improving upper limb motor function, while there is limited research on theta burst stimulation (TBS) and paired associative stimulation (PAS), and their mechanisms are still unclear with controversies regarding their effectiveness. Future research should focus on exploring new targets and optimal treatment parameters for TMS in treating upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke, in order to develop personalized TMS treatment plans for stroke patients.

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a common cause of stroke and dementia. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can provide more sensitive assessments of the extent of CSVD damage, thereby facilitating disease monitoring and providing more insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This review first summarizes the latest applications of structural MRI in CSVD, including diffusion MRI and quantitative MRI techniques. Subsequently, the review introduces the application of advanced MRI techniques for assessing cerebrovascular function and abnormalities associated with the small cerebral arteries in CSVD patients.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) encompass a set of neurodevelopmental conditions marked by challenges in social interaction, communication, and by restricted or repetitive behaviors, with their etiology linked to atypical brain network patterns. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) has been shown to influence cerebral cortex activation and reorganize brain networks in individuals with ASDs, leading to improvements in behavioral symptoms. This review explores the impact of two brain stimulation methods, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), on behavior, cognitive functions, and speech in patients with ASDs, and assesses the potential for clinical applications of NIBS.

To explore the differences in gray matter volume and cortical thickness between patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and normal elderly individuals, analyzing their relationship with cognitive level, and providing a basis for clinical diagnosis of aMCI and early AD. Methods: 23 aMCI patients, 22 AD patients, and 23 healthy control (NC) groups were prospectively included. Structural MRI (sMRI) scans of brain structures were performed on all subjects. The segment function of CAT12 was used to perform voxel based morphology (VBM) and surface based morphology (SBM) measurements on 3D-T1 MRI images, obtaining the gray matter volume and cortical thickness of specific brain regions for all subjects. Cognitive function assessment was conducted using neuropsychological scales. Analyze the differences in main structural gray matter volume and cortical thickness among three groups, extract regions of interest (ROI) from different brain regions, and investigate their correlation with cognitive scale scores. Results: There are differences in multiple brain regions among the three groups (FWE correction, P<0.05), and the volume of different brain regions is significantly correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale scores (P<0.05). Moreover, the magnitude of correlation between the volume of different brain regions and cognitive domains varies significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a reduction in the uneven distribution of gray matter volume and cerebral cortex in patients with aMCI and AD. The early atrophy of the left hippocampus, olfactory cortex, and insula may be a factor affecting early cognitive function in AD patients.

To investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DPN). Methods: A total of 256 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were hospitalized from August 2021 to January 2023 at the Endocrinology Department of Xiaogan Hospital affiliated with Wuhan University of Science and Technology were selected as research subjects. Based on whether they had DPN, they were divided into two groups: 124 cases with simple type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the control group, and 132 cases with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by DPN were included in the observation group. The patients’blood pressure, height, and body mass index were measured; routine blood tests, blood glucose, lipid profiles, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and other biochemical indicators were tested, and the PLR was calculated; the differences between the two groups in PLR, 25(OH)D, and other indicators were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for the development of DPN, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between PLR and serum 25(OH)D, as well as other biochemical indicators. Results: The observation group had higher ages, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, platelet count, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and PLR than the control group; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lymphocyte count, and serum 25(OH)D were lower than the control group; all differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that PLR, age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and LDL-C were risk factors for the development of DPN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, while vitamin D was a protective factor against DPN (P<0.05); when serum 25(OH)D < 31.72 ng/mL, it could effectively indicate the risk of developing DPN (P<0.05); Pearson correlation analysis found that PLR was positively correlated with age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, LDL-C, and TG (P<0.05); but negative- ly correlated with HDL-C and serum 25(OH)D (P<0.05). Conclusion: PLR is one of the risk factors for the development of DPN, while vitamin D is a protective factor against DPN. Moreover, PLR is negatively correlated with vitamin D levels.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a main complication after stroke and it refers to various degrees of syndromes from mild cognitive impairment to dementia resulting from stroke. Research show that PSCI is reversible, and detection of PSCI related biomarkers in patients can provide early prediction, detection, and intervention. In this paper, the research progress of PSCI potential biomarkers in recent years was summarized.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become the fourth leading cause of death among people aged 65 and above in China. PET/CT plays a significant role in the clinical diagnosis and research on the pathogenesis of AD. The combined use of PET/CT and digital technology within the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) provides important scientific support for tracking the trajectory of cognitive changes in patients and improving the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. This article focuses on reviewing the research progress in exploring the pathological progression patterns and early diagnosis of AD using PET/CT within ADNI over the past three years.

To evaluate the effect of music therapy on cognitive dysfunction after stroke. Methods: Randomized controlled trials studying the effects of music therapy for poststroke cognitive dysfunction were retrieved from Chinese and English electronic databases, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 statistical software. Results: A total of 15 articles with 1 229 patients were included. The meta-analysis results revealed that for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the pooled effect size was MD=2.91, 95% CI (2.57, 3.25), P<0.00001 for studies published before 2019, and MD= 4.62, 95% CI (4.23, 5.02), P< 0.00001 for those published in or after 2019. Significant improvements were also found in the pooled Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [MD= 4.49, 95% CI (0.81, 8.18), P<0.00001], Stroop Color and Word Test [MD=5.17, 95%CI (2.99, 7.35), P<0.00001], Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) [MD=－4.55, 95% CI (－5.16, －3.93), P< 0.00001], and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) [MD=－ 6.02, 95% CI (－ 6.84, － 5.20), P<0.00001]. Conclusion: Music therapy can significantly improve cognitive dysfunction and emotional state in stroke survivors.

A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was used to evaluate the potential causal relationship between insomnia and the risk of neurological disorders and tinnitus. Methods: The IEU OpenGWASproject website was used to obtain genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of insomnia and neurological diseases, and the independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely related to insomnia were screened as instrumental variables (IVs), and SNPs related to neurological diseases were selected as outcomes. Among them, The insomnia data included 462 341 samples, the neurological disease data included 148 552 samples, and the tinnitus data contained 117 882 samples. A total of 42 SNPs closely related to insomnia were selected as instrumental variables. Inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (WME) and MR-Egger methods were used for Mendelian randomization analysis. At the same time, the Egger intercept detection level pleiotropy and the leave-one-out method were used for sensitivity analysis to ensure the robustness of the results. Results: IVW analysis showed a significant positive correlation between insomnia and the occurrence of neurological diseases (OR=2.032, 95% CI 1.567～2.636, P=9.011 × 10-8 ). There was no significant difference between the value of Egger intercept and 0(P=0.803), indicating that there was no horizontal pleiotropy. The leave-one-out method showed that the results were stable, and no SNPs with a large impact on the results were detected. All F-scores greater than 10 indicate no weak IVs bias. IVW analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between insomnia and tinnitus (OR=1.056, 95%CI 1.009～1.104, P=0.019). There was no significant difference between the value of Egger intercept and 0(P=0.985). The leave-one-out method showed that the results were stable, and no SNPs with a large impact on the results were detected. All F-scores greater than 10 indicate no weak IVs bias. Conclusion: There is a positive causal relationship between insomnia and the occurrence of neurological diseases, and there is also a positive causal relationship between insomnia and tinnitus.

Anxiety disorders represent chronic mental health conditions characterized by high incidence rates and a propensity for recurrence. As a novel form of psychological intervention, mindfulness therapy has exhibited promising applications in the management of anxiety disorders. This paper reviews the primary origins and evolution of mindfulness therapy and its practical uses in treating anxiety disorders, delving into its underlying mechanisms. Mindfulness therapy has proven effective in reducing anxiety symptoms and enhancing life quality, with outcomes comparable to those of first-line medications or cognitive-behavioral therapies. Nevertheless, the sustained effectiveness of mindfulness therapy requires additional validation, ideal treatment plans need refinement, and its impact may differ across various anxiety disorder subtypes. Future research should focus on advancing our understanding of mindfulness therapy’s role in anxiety disorders, clarifying its mechanisms, perfecting therapeutic approaches, and facilitating its standardized use in clinical settings.

: To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, and clinical characteristics of patients with depression, providing a reference for clinical intervention. Methods: 1229 patients with depression who received treatment in Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital from January 2020 to July 2023 were recruited. Based on the medical history, 578 patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors within the past month were included in the suicide attempt group (attempt group), 306 patients with suicidal thoughts without behaviors within the past month were included in the suicide ideation group (ideation group), and 345 patients without suicidal behaviors or thoughts within the past month were included in the no suicide behavior and ideation group (control group). We analyzed the baseline data of the three groups and the levels of thyroid hormones, as well as the correlations between the levels of thyroid hormones in the attempt group and ideation group and depressive clinical symptoms. Results: The HAMD cognitive impairment and hopelessness factor scores in the attempt group were significantly higher than those in the ideation group (both P<0.01), and the cognitive impairment factor score in the attempt group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Among the three groups, the serum levels of T3, FT3, and FT4 were lower in the attempt group＜ideation group＜control group (all P<0.05), with serum T3, FT3, and FT4 levels in the attempt group being significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05) serum FT3 level in the ideation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Serum FT4 levels in both attempt and ideation groups correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD and HAMA scales (P<0.05), while serum T3 and FT3 levels in the attempt group also correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD scale (P<0.05). Logistic regression showed that FT3 levels and cognitive impairment factors in HAMD were independent risk factors for suicidal attempts among depressive patients (P<0.01), and FT3 levels and hopelessness factors in HAMD were independent risk factors for suicide ideation among depressive patients (P<0.01). Conclusion: There are significant differences in serum T3, FT3 and FT4 levels between patients with suicide attempts and ideation and those without. Serum FT4 levels in both the attempt and ideation groups correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD and HAMA scales. Among depressive patients, serum FT3 level is an independent biological risk factor for suicide attempts and ideation, while cognitive impairment factor in HAMD score is an independent risk factor for suicide attempts, and hopelessness factor is an independent risk factor for suicidal ideation.

To explore the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, and clinical characteristics of patients with depression, providing a reference for clinical intervention. Methods: 1229 patients with depression who received treatment in Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital from January 2020 to July 2023 were recruited. Based on the medical history, 578 patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors within the past month were included in the suicide attempt group (attempt group), 306 patients with suicidal thoughts without behaviors within the past month were included in the suicide ideation group (ideation group), and 345 patients without suicidal behaviors or thoughts within the past month were included in the no suicide behavior and ideation group (control group). We analyzed the baseline data of the three groups and the levels of thyroid hormones, as well as the correlations between the levels of thyroid hormones in the attempt group and ideation group and depressive clinical symptoms. Results: The HAMD cognitive impairment and hopelessness factor scores in the attempt group were significantly higher than those in the ideation group (both P<0.01), and the cognitive impairment factor score in the attempt group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Among the three groups, the serum levels of T3, FT3, and FT4 were lower in the attempt group＜ideation group＜control group (all P<0.05), with serum T3, FT3, and FT4 levels in the attempt group being significantly lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05) serum FT3 level in the ideation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Serum FT4 levels in both attempt and ideation groups correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD and HAMA scales (P<0.05), while serum T3 and FT3 levels in the attempt group also correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD scale (P<0.05). Logistic regression showed that FT3 levels and cognitive impairment factors in HAMD were independent risk factors for suicidal attempts among depressive patients (P<0.01), and FT3 levels and hopelessness factors in HAMD were independent risk factors for suicide ideation among depressive patients (P<0.01). Conclusion: There are significant differences in serum T3, FT3 and FT4 levels between patients with suicide attempts and ideation and those without. Serum FT4 levels in both the attempt and ideation groups correlated positively with the total scores on the HAMD and HAMA scales. Among depressive patients, serum FT3 level is an independent biological risk factor for suicide attempts and ideation, while cognitive impairment factor in HAMD score is an independent risk factor for suicide attempts, and hopelessness factor is an independent risk factor for suicidal ideation.

In recent years, research on non-invasive brain stimulation targeting motor-related brain areas to enhance motor learning memory performance has increased. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), as one of the non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, has garnered widespread attention for its ability to modulate neuronal communication signals through induced brain oscillatory activities via externally applied alternating currents. This review summarizes the studies on tACS in enhancing motor learning memory and motor performance across different populations, aiming to provide new strategies for improving motor learning memory and enhancing motor performance in healthy individuals and those with movement disorders.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a prevalent condition without clear etiology, is characterized by abnormal body shape and back pain, which significantly impact the physical and mental well-being of adolescents. Early detection and intervention are imperative for the effective management of AIS. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), its application in healthcare has expanded considerably. Currently, AI has shown great potential in the screening, treatment, and prediction of AIS, with numerous promising projects and models emerging. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the latest advancements.

To investigate the effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) of the cerebellum combined with conventional physical therapy on motor and balance functions in patients with hemiplegia following stroke. Methods: Forty stroke patients admitted to Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital from May 2021 to December 2023 were selected and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 20 cases in each. Both groups received conventional pharmacological and rehabilitation treatments, while the experimental group received cerebellar iTBS prior to rehabilitation therapy, and the control group received sham stimulation. Motor and balance functions were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and the Modified Barthel Index (mBI) before treatment and two weeks after treatment. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was performed to measure Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values of three pairs of cerebellar peduncles. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in BBS, FMA, and mBI scores between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, BBS, FMA, and mBI scores increased significantly in both groups (P<0.01), and the experimental group scored higher than the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in FA values of the cerebellar peduncles between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in FA values of the affected-side cerebellar peduncles between the two groups (P>0.05), but the non-affected-side superior cerebellar peduncle FA value was higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P<0.05). Within the experimental group, the FA value of the non-affected-side superior cerebellar peduncle increased after treatment compared to before treatment (P<0.05). Within the control group, there was no statistically significant difference in FA values of the affected-side and non-affected-side cerebellar peduncles before and after treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in ADC values of the cerebellar peduncles between the groups or between the affected-side and non-affected-side within groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Cerebellar iTBS treatment can promote the recovery of motor and balance functions in patients with hemiplegia following stroke. The mechanism may be related to iTBS-induced cortical reorganization through the cerebellum, improving neural conduction ability and plasticity.

Depression is a common mental disorder primarily characterized by a persistent low mood. Clinically, patients with depression often suffer from insomnia, which has become more prevalent since the COVID-19 pandemic due to the dual pressures of life and work. Insomnia and depression frequently cooccur as dual symptoms. Traditional treatments involving a combination of antidepressant and anti-insomnia medications can be effective, but they have significant adverse effects and numerous usage limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research into the shared targets of both conditions and the development of new therapeutic approaches for comorbid depression and insomnia. This review explores the role of orexin, its receptor signaling pathway and its distribution in the brain, and discusses the connections between orexin and the comorbidity of insomnia and depression, along with potential targets and mechanisms. This article highlights the possibility of orexin in treating comorbid depression and insomnia, aiming to provide a reference for the development and application of orexin, and to better address the issue of comorbid depression and insomnia.

Most of the clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) can only relieve the symptoms. In recent years, with the continuous development of cellular reprogramming technology, the regenerative transformation of degenerate and lost neurons has become a possibility. Astrocytes (ASs), widely present in the central nervous system (CNS), participate in maintaining the functional stability of the CNS under physiological conditions. AS transdifferentiation, characterized by low rejection rates and minimal microenvironment toxicity, has been applied in ND treatment research. This article focuses on various studies in recent years on AS transdifferentiation for the treatment of various NDs, including animal models, vector tools, target molecules, types of induced neurons, and treatment effects. Among them, the most significant progress has been made in Parkinson's disease (PD), where multiple different induction methods have successfully reprogrammed ASs into dopaminergic neurons, resulting in some improvement in symptoms in model mice. However, there are still disagreements regarding the origin of differentiated cells and treatment effects. The newly developed lineage-targeting tracing technology can more accurately confirm the origin of induced cells. Additionally, issues such as the survival rate and long-term effects of induced cells, as well as the age dependence of reprogramming ASs, require further investigation.

Insufficient sleep duration, referred to as sleep deprivation, can be caused by various triggers such as poor lifestyle habits, disease, or environmental factors, which can directly lead to impaired cognitive function. Research suggests that the impact of sleep deprivation on astrocytes may be a key node leading to cognitive dysfunction. The mechanisms by which astrocytes exert their effects has not yet been fully elucidated; however, they may involve multiple pathways including participation in synaptic plasticity, β-amyloid deposition, accumulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation. This review summarizes researches over the past decade related to astrocytes, sleep deprivation, and cognitive impairments. It consolidates the relevant influencing factors and mechanistic pathways, outlines the interactive relationships of the pathogenic mechanisms, and explores potential therapeutic strategies. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive perspective on the role of astrocytes in sleep deprivation, promoting further development in related research fields and providing a theoretical basis for the development of new treatment methods and intervention measures.

To investigate the therapeutic effects of the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1(Nr4a1) agonist cytosporone B (Csn-B) on noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Methods: The HEI-OC1 outer hair cell line was subjected to hydrogen peroxide stimulation to establish an oxidative stress cell model. PCR was utilized to assess Nr4a1 expression in the cells. Cell viability was measured using CCK8, and flow cytometry was employed to evaluate apoptosis in cells pre-treated with Csn-B before hydrogen peroxide stimulation. By exposing mice to noisy audio, a model for noise-induced hearing loss was established, and PCR and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to detect Nr4a1 expression in the cochlea following noise exposure. ABR testing was conducted to assess mouse hearing both after noise exposure and following 13 days of continuous Csn-B treatment. Results: Nr4a1 expression increased in HEI-OC1 cells after hydrogen peroxide stimulation, accompanied by a significant decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis. Pre-treatment with Csn-B enhanced cell viability and reduced apoptosis in HEI-OC1 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide compared to the control group. In vivo studies revealed an increase in Nr4a1 expression in the cochlea of mice after noise exposure, associated with a decline in auditory function. Significant hearing recovery was observed after Csn-B treatment, evidenced by decreased thresholds in Click-ABR and Tone Burst-ABR (at 4000 and 8000Hz). Conclusion: The Nr4a1 agonist Csn-B enhances cellular resilience to oxidative stress and partially rescues noise-induced hearing loss in mice.

Cerebral angiogenesis is an important physiological process for the development of the cerebrovascular system and the primary mechanism of revascularization following cerebrovascular damage. Abnormal cerebral angiogenesis may lead to several diseases, such as brain tumor growth and arteriovenous malformations. Neurovascular unit, the smallest functional unit of the brain, consists of neurons, glial cells, pericytes, etc., and is involved in maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The neurovascular unit has crucial roles in cerebral angiogenesis. In this paper, we review the regulatory roles and mechanisms of various cellular components of the neurovascular unit (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells) in cerebral angiogenesis, which will provide an important reference for the research and clinical treatment of cerebrovascular-related disorders.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global public health issue, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) posing the heaviest burden. China has the highest number of T2DM patients globally, totaling 140.9 million. Patients with T2DM often experience mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, thereby preventing Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the research progress on the effects of various exercise therapies in improving cognitive function in patients with T2DM and MCI.

Cerebral angiogenesis is an important physiological process for the development of the cerebrovascular system and the primary mechanism of revascularization following cerebrovascular damage. Abnormal cerebral angiogenesis may lead to several diseases, such as brain tumor growth and arteriovenous malformations. Neurovascular unit, the smallest functional unit of the brain, consists of neurons, glial cells, pericytes, etc., and is involved in maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The neurovascular unit has crucial roles in cerebral angiogenesis. In this paper, we review the regulatory roles and mechanisms of various cellular components of the neurovascular unit (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells) in cerebral angiogenesis, which will provide an important reference for the research and clinical treatment of cerebrovascular-related disorders.