Spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunctions caudal to the lesion site, resulting in enduring functional deficits. Successful recovery hinges upon compensatory axonal sprouting from intact neurons or regeneration of damaged axons, a process constrained by transcriptional regulatory dynamics. Epigenetics emerges as a pivotal determinant in instigating and sustaining regenerative transcriptional cascades. Specifically, histone covalent modifications intricately modulate post-injury chromatin restructuring, consequently influencing transcriptional dynamics. This review delineates the epigenetic regulatory framework governing post-SCI axonal regeneration, emphasizing the role of histone covalent modifications as potential therapeutic targets to enhance clinical interventions for SCI repair.

睡眠剥夺是导致神经炎症、氧化应激及认知功能障碍的重要诱因，其机制与星形胶质细胞的活化密 切相关。星形胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统的关键调控者，通过A1/A2极化表型在睡眠剥夺中发挥双重作 用：A1型通过释放促炎因子和神经毒素加剧神经炎症及突触损伤，而A2型则通过分泌神经营养因子和抗 炎介质促进神经修复。本文系统综述了睡眠剥夺中星形胶质细胞的活化机制及相关信号通路：NF-κB通 路、MAPK通路在、SHH通路和JAK-STAT通路。研究表明，慢性睡眠剥夺通过炎症介质积累及星形胶质 细胞过度激活导致认知障碍，而调控其极化表型（如抑制A1型或增强A2型）可能成为干预睡眠剥夺相关 神经损伤的新策略。未来需进一步解析星形胶质细胞极化的时空特异性及信号网络交互作用，为靶向治 疗提供理论依据。

To systematically evaluate the impact of virtual reality (VR) technology on cognitive function in stroke patients. Methods: A computer-based search was conducted across multiple domestic and international databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating VR interventions in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. The search period spanned from the inception of the databases to January 7, 2025. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale were employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 software. Results: A total of 14 studies, involving 723 patients, were ultimately included. All included studies were of high quality, with PEDro scale scores ranging from 6 to 10. Meta-analysis results indicated that VR technology significantly improved the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score [MD=2.53, 95% CI (0.82, 4.24), P=0.004], the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score [MD=1.68, 95% CI (1.12, 2.24), P<0.00001], the P300 latency [MD=－25.48, 95% CI (－38.99, －11.96), P=0.0002], the P300 amplitude [MD=0.72, 95% CI (0.14, 1.30), P=0.02], and the Barthel Index or Modified Barthel Index (BI or MBI) score [MD=5.14, 95% CI (3.25, 7.03), P<0.00001] in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. However, no significant effects were observed on the Trail Making Test Part A (TMT-A) score [MD=－12.47, 95% CI (－27.16, 2.23), P=0.10] or the TMT-B score [MD=－ 44.35, 95% CI (－ 117.45, 28.74), P=0.23]. Conclusion: VR technology can improve cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) abilities in stroke patients.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disease that has a profound impact on society, families, and patients. After SCI, neuronal axons exhibit limited spontaneous regenerative capacity, and effective clinical treatments remain lacking. Previous studies have demonstrated that various growth factors play crucial roles in protecting neural tissue, stimulating axonal regeneration and remyelination, and reducing scar formation after SCI. Hydrogels are currently considered ideal biomaterial scaffolds, as they can protect growth factors from degradation, enable localized delivery and sustained release of growth factors, and play significant roles in both the early phase and subsequent tissue regeneration stages after SCI. This article focuses on reviewing the research progress on hydrogel-delivered growth factor therapies for SCI during different stages of secondary damage and tissue regeneration.

Migraine is a neurological disorder with high prevalence, often coexisting with various diseases to form comorbidities. These comorbid conditions are bidirectionally interconnected with migraine through shared genetic, environmental, and pathophysiological mechanisms. This review summarizes the comorbidity relationships between migraine and cardiovascular/cerebrovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, sleep-related diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, and immune-mediated diseases. Identifying comorbidities aids in elucidating the etiology of migraine, guiding research on its pathophysiology, and facilitating individualized comprehensive management for migraine patients.

To investigate the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) combined with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Arg-Gly-Asp, RGD) peptide modified hydrogel on regenerative repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods: Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group (Sham group), model group (SCI group), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell group (ADSCs group), RGD peptide-modified hydrogel group (p-Gel group), and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell combined with hydrogel group (ADSCs-pGel group), with 10 rats in each group. The SCI model was established using a transection method, and each group was injected with 100 μL of normal saline, ADSCs, RGD peptide-modified hydrogel, or a mixture of ADSCs and RGD peptide-modified hydrogel at the site of spinal cord injury. The Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale was used to score the motor function of the rats' hindlimbs on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after modeling. On day 7 after modeling, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression levels of CD68 (clone ED-1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament-200 (NF-200). Results: Starting from day 7, the BBB scores of the ADSCs-pGel group were higher than those of the SCI group (P<0.05). From day 14 onwards, the BBB scores of the ADSCs-pGel group were higher than those of the ADSCs group (P<0.05), and the BBB scores of the p-Gel group and ADSCs group were higher than those of the SCI group (P<0.05). The fluorescence expression levels of ED-1 and GFAP in all groups were significantly higher than those in the Sham group (P<0.001), but the fluorescence expression levels of ED-1 and GFAP in the ADSCs-pGel group were significantly lower than those in the p-Gel group and ADSCs group (P<0.01). The fluorescence expression level of NF-200 in all groups was significantly lower than that in the Sham group (P<0.001), but the fluorescence expression level of NF-200 in the ADSCs-pGel group was significantly higher than that in the p-Gel group and ADSCs group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Transplantation of ADSCs combined with RGD peptide-modified hydrogel to the SCI site can promote the recovery of motor function in the hindlimbs of rats, and the effect is more significant than the single application of ADSCs or RGD peptide-modified hydrogel.

To conduct a visual analysis of relevant literature on the application of artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease research through bibliometric analysis. Methods: The Web Of Science core database was used as the data source for this paper. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer1.6.20 software were used to conduct bibliometric analyses on the annual number of publications, country/region, institution, keywords, authors and cited literature. Results: Ultimately, 2 043 articles meeting the criteria were included, and the number of publications in this field has been growing rapidly. Articles in this research area have been published by a total of 87 countries/regions. Among them, the United States, China, and Italy are high-yield countries, with Harvard Medical School being the leading institution. The top three authors in terms of publication volume are Gabriella Olmo, Alice Nieuwboer, and Lynn Rochester. High-frequency keywords in this field mainly include Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation, and gait, etc.; the latest emerging term is rehabilitation. The application of AI in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly distributed in neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology, and other fields. Among the journals where papers are published, SENSORS ranks first in both publication volume and H-index, while MOVEMENT DISORDERS has the highest impact factor (IF). The most frequently co-cited literature primarily focuses on the integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with AI technology for the early diagnosis of PD. Conclusion: In recent years, AI has been developing rapidly in the medical field, and its application to PD has been increasing year by year, mainly focusing on the prediction of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of PD.

To explore the efficacy and safety of right-sided low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating depression comorbid with anxiety in elderly patients. Methods: A total of 72 elderly patients with depression comorbid with anxiety, hospitalized in the Department of Psychiatry of Liyuan Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2021 to June 2021, were selected and randomly divided into a control group (35 cases) and a low-frequency group (37 cases) using a random number table. Both groups received antidepressant medication. Additionally, the low-frequency group was treated with rTMS (1.0 Hz) on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 20 minutes per session, once daily, five times per week, for a total of 20 sessions over 4 weeks. The control group received sham stimulation with the same duration and frequency. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 (HAMD-24) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale-14 (HAMA-14) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms and treatment efficacy at baseline and at the end of weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8. Adverse reactions were recorded, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the scores of anxiety and depression between the two groups at different time points. Results: The main effects of time, group, and time-group interaction for HAMD-24 and HAMA-14 scores were statistically significant (P<0.05). Further analysis showed that HAMD-24 scores in both groups were significantly lower than baseline at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in HAMD-24 scores between the two groups at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 (P>0.05), but the low-frequency group had significantly lower HAMD-24 scores than the control group at week 6 (P<0.01) and week 8 (P<0.05). For HAMA-14 scores, both groups showed significant reductions compared to baseline at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and week 8 (P<0.01). The low-frequency group had significantly lower HAMA-14 scores than the control group at weeks 1 and 2 (P<0.05) and at weeks 3, 4, 6, and 8 (P<0.01). After 4 weeks of treatment, the overall response rate in the low-frequency group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). After 6 weeks, the marked improvement rate in the low-frequency group was significantly higher (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in marked improvement rates between the two groups after 8 weeks (P>0.05). No severe adverse reactions were observed in either group. Conclusion: Combined antidepressant and right-sided rTMS therapy effectively alleviates both depressive and anxiety symptoms in elderly patients with comorbid depression and anxiety, demonstrating superiority to antidepressant medication alone while maintaining a favorable safety profile.

To explore the clinical features of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) characterized by tremor as the main feature, and to analyze a family with extrapyramidal signs such as tremor and peripheral neuropathy, providing a basis for clinical diagnosis. Methods: Ten SCA3 patients characterized by tremor were collected, including 4 from the same family. The clinical features, imaging, genetic testing, and drug responsiveness of 6 non-family patients, 4 familial patients, and their family members (5 cases) were summarized, along with a review of related literature. Results: Among the 9 patients in the family, 4 were diagnosed through genetic testing (ATXN3 gene CAG repeats 57～58 times, Sanger validation 60～62 times), and 5 were suspected patients. Among the 4 confirmed cases, 2 presented with tremor as the main symptom (postural/action tremor, exacerbated by activity), 1 was accompanied by bradykinesia and a history of epilepsy, and 1 had peripheral neuropathy. No significant atrophy was observed on brain MRI. Compared with typical SCA3 patients with CAG repeats 66～73 times (mainly ataxia), tremor symptoms were significant in this family, partially relieved by Madopar treatment. Conclusion: The clinical phenotype of SCA3 may be related to the number of CAG repeats (60～62 repeats mainly presenting as tremor/bradykinesia, 66～73 repeats mainly as ataxia). It is necessary to pay attention to the identification of atypical symptoms, with genetic testing being crucial for diagnosis.

Ischemic stroke is characterized by high morbidity and disability rates. Recent studies have revealed that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite derived from gut microbiota, promotes the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, enhances platelet reactivity, and increases thrombotic risk. This review summarizes the current research progress on the role of TMAO in ischemic stroke.

Stroke is the leading cause of mortality and disability in China. Post-stroke anxiety (PSA) and post-stroke depression (PSD) are common psychiatric sequelae after stroke, significantly reducing patients’quality of life, impairing physical and mental health, and hindering functional recovery. Current research suggests that the pathophysiology primarily involves biological mechanisms and psychosocial factors. Treatment strategies predominantly rely on pharmacotherapy, complemented by physical therapies and psychological interventions. This review summarizes recent advances in the mechanisms and treatment of PSA and PSD, aiming to provide a reference for future research.

The gut microbiota (GM), as a complex ecosystem, exerts influences on human body structure, endocrine levels, metabolic capacity, nervous system, and immune function. It has been discovered that the diversity of GM decreases dramatically with ageing, and even undergoes harmful transformations in functional structure, jeopardizing the health of elderly individuals. Since GM is modifiable, this review systematically analyzes research progress on the role of GM in elderly endocrinology, skeletal muscle systems, cognitive-psychological functions, neurological disorders, and viral infections, while exploring underlying mechanisms. The objective is to investigate novel therapeutic approaches and potential targets for age-related diseases, and to provide references for future GM-omics studies.

To explore the correlation between suicidal attitudes and parental rearing styles in adolescents with depression who have engaged in suicidal behaviors, and to analyze related risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 197 adolescent patients with depression hospitalized in the Department of Clinical Psychology at Jingmen People's Hospital from June 2020 to May 2023, who voluntarily participated in the study. Patients were divided into a suicidal group (115 cases) and a non-suicidal group (82 cases) based on whether they had engaged in suicidal behaviors in the past 6 months. Both groups were assessed using a general information questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Questionnaire on Suicide Atitude (QSA), and the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU). Group comparisons were made, and all variables were included in a multivariate Logistic regression model for analysis. Results: (1) The suicidal group was younger in age and had a higher rate of alcohol use than the non-suicidal group (both P<0.05). (2) QSA results showed that the suicidal group had lower scores than the non-suicidal group in attitudes toward suicidal behavior and toward suicide victims (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), but higher scores in attitudes toward the families of suicide victims (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in attitudes toward euthanasia between the two groups (P>0.05). (3) EMBU results revealed that the total score of the suicidal group was significantly higher than that of the non-suicidal group (P<0.01). Specifically, the suicidal group scored lower on maternal emotional warmth (P<0.05) and higher on paternal and maternal overprotection, rejecting denial, and harsh punishment (P<0.01). Additionally, the suicidal group had higher scores on paternal overinterference (P<0.01). (4) Logistic regression analysis identified paternal harsh punishment and excessive interference as risk factors for suicidal behavior in adolescents with depression (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents with depression have a high incidence of suicidal behaviors. Those who engage in suicidal behaviors tend to show understanding or approval of suicide and ambivalence toward the families of individuals who have attempted suicide. Their family education models often lack emotional support and involve excessive interference, punishment, and denial. Adolescents raised by fathers with overinterference, harshness, and punitive parenting styles are at greater risk of suicidal behavior.

To improve clinicians' diagnostic and therapeutic skills for neurobrucellosis (NB) and enhance patient outcomes. Methods: Clinical data of 4 patients with NB diagnosed at Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2024 to September 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All 4 patients had a clear epidemiological history. Clinical manifestations included meningitis, myelitis, and other neurological symptoms. Lumbar puncture was performed in all cases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed elevated pressure in 3 patients, increased white blood cell counts in all 4, elevated protein levels in all 4, and reduced glucose levels in 3. Serum Brucella agglutination tests were positive in all patients, and CSF Brucella agglutination tests were positive in 3. All patients received triple or quadruple anti-Brucella therapy based on rifampicin and doxycycline. Conclusion: Neurobrucellosis presents with complex and diverse clinical features. Early detection and diagnosis are critical for improving prognosis, while delayed diagnosis leads to poor outcomes and potential long-term sequelae.

To evaluate the proportion of intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and its clinical correlation in patients with atherosclerotic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using high-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (HRMR-VWI). Methods: We collected clinical and imaging data from patients with moderate to severe stenosis (50%～99%) of the MCA-M1 or M2 segments treated in our hospital from July 2019 to August 2023. IPH was defined as T1 hyperintensity on fat-saturated HRMR-VWI images, with signal intensity>150% of the surrounding muscle tissue. Patients were divided into symptomatic stenosis and asymptomatic stenosis groups based on the presence of ischemic symptoms within the MCA territory within 3 months. The symptomatic stenosis group was further subdivided into artery-to-artery embolism and non-artery-to-artery embolism subgroups according to DWI characteristics. Clinical and imaging data were compared among groups and subgroups. Results: A total of 59 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 14(23.7% ) had IPH in the MCA stenosis lesions. The symptomatic stenosis group comprised 30 patients (50.8%), and the incidence of IPH in symptomatic stenosis patients was 11/30(36.7%), significantly higher than that in asymptomatic stenosis patients [3/29(10.3%)], with a statistically significant difference (P=0.018). Among symptomatic stenosis patients, 11(36.7% ) had artery-to-artery embolism, of whom 7/11(63.6% ) had IPH, a significantly higher incidence than in non-artery-to-artery embolism patients (4/19, 21.1% ), with a statistically significant difference (P=0.047). No significant differences were observed for other factors between the two groups and two subgroups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: The proportion of IPH is higher in symptomatic MCA moderate to severe stenosis patients compared to asymptomatic patients. Moreover, within the symptomatic group, patients with embolic infarction have a higher incidence of IPH. This finding is significant for evaluating the infarction mechanism and stroke risk in MCA stenosis patients.

Depression is a common mental disorder that causes significant suffering and burden to patients and their families. In recent years, the emergence of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has provided a non-invasive intervention for depression patients. Non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training involves real-time monitoring of brain activity during training and providing feedback to patients, enabling them to learn to self-regulate their brain activity. This review explores the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training in the treatment of depression and analyzes its potential mechanisms, including neurotransmitter regulation, brain region functional remodeling, and enhancement of neuroplasticity. In addition, the article also discusses the limitations of the current clinical applications of non-invasive BCI neurofeedback training, aiming to enhance its potential in the treatment of depression.

Traditional intervention methods for fear-related psychological disorders (such as specific phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder) are challenged by drug dependence and insufficient cultural adaptability. Music therapy, with its non-invasive nature and cross-cultural potential, has emerged as a new option, but there is still a gap in the integration of its mechanisms and the fusion of traditional Chinese and Western medical theories. Through a systematic review of recent studies, this paper proposes an integrated model of“Five Elements Music - Neural Plasticity”, which for the first time links the frequency characteristics of the Chinese Yu mode music (40~80 Hz) with the regulation of neurotransmitters (5-HT, GABA) and the functions of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus). This paper further constructs a ternary model of“frequency - neurotransmitter – emotion”, providing evidence-based guidance for the setting of music parameters, and proposes the neural mechanism by which group intervention alleviates social anxiety through the mirror neuron system. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the standardized treatment of fear-related psychological disorders with music therapy.

Cuproptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death in recent years, while Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressively developing neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system with insidious onset. Copper is involved in multiple pathogenic mechanisms of AD, and copper imbalance can induce the death of neurons and glial cells through these distinct mechanisms, thereby contributing to the onset of AD. This review summarizes recent research on the involvement of cuproptosis in the pathogenesis of AD.

Spasticity is a movement disorder caused by the high excitability of the stretch reflex, which is characterized by the speed-dependent enhancement of the tonic stretch reflex with tendon hyperreflexia. It is a common complication in patients with upper motor neuron injury. Surgical treatment is an effective treatment for patients with severe spasticity who fail to respond to drug and physical therapy. In order to ensure the smooth operation and good effect, the patient should be professionally evaluated before operation. This article summarizes the application and prospect of peripheral nerve surgery and emerging neuromodulation techniques in the field of spasm treatment. These techniques aim to improve the spasticity of patients and promote brain plasticity by reducing muscle tension and re-establishing the connection between the injured site and the brain, which is of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.

The gut-muscle-brain axis, acting as a three-dimensional interactive network that mediates neurodegenerative diseases and sarcopenia, plays a core regulatory role in the pathological progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This article provides a systematic review of how gut microbiota dysbiosis within this axis influences the balance of muscle protein synthesis and degradation via microbial metabolites, how myokines secreted by skeletal muscle in turn modulate neuroinflammation and the function and integrity of the intestinal barrier, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the bidirectional propagation of α-synuclein among the gut, muscle, and brain. Incorporating the latest clinical evidence, it further explores targeted intervention strategies such as probiotics and combined exercise-nutrition approaches, aiming to offer new perspectives for the precision prevention and management of sarcopenia in elderly PD patients.

To preliminarily verify the efficacy and safety of using modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots for rehabilitation training in patients with spinal cord injury. Methods: A total of 100 inpatients with spinal cord injury were enrolled and divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 50 cases in each group, taking into account the spinal cord injury segment, severity, and personal willingness. All patients received conventional treatment. On this basis, the control group underwent conventional motor therapy training conducted by professional rehabilitation therapists for 60 minutes daily, while the experimental group received rehabilitation robot training for 60 minutes daily, both for a total of 6 weeks. Before and after treatment, the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM- Ⅲ), patient vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, and respiration), and adverse event records were used to evaluate efficacy and safety. Results: After treatment, motor scores, MBI scores, and SCIM-Ⅲ scores significantly improved in both groups (P<0.001). The experimental group showed significant improvements in light touch and pinprick sensation scores (P<0.05), while the control group showed no improvement (P>0.05). After treatment, the SCIM- Ⅲ score in the experimental group was superior to that in the control group (P<0.05), with no statistically significant differences in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots and conventional motor therapy training contribute to improving motor function, enhancing activities of daily living, and increasing independence in patients with spinal cord injury. However, modular motion pattern rehabilitation robots demonstrate superior efficacy in improving patient independence and sensory function and are safe and effective in assisting with rehabilitation training and positional changes for patients with high-level spinal cord injuries.

To explore the clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, surgical outcomes, and prognosis of primary intraspinal melanoma and pigmented neurilemmoma. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 5 patients with primary intraspinal melanoma and 7 patients with primary intraspinal pigmented neurilemmoma, all of whom underwent surgical treatment and were pathologically confirmed. The clinical characteristics, key points of differential diagnosis, surgical outcomes, and prognosis of these two diseases were analyzed. Results: The 12 patients exhibited non-specific clinical characteristics, primarily presenting with symptoms of spinal cord impairment at the corresponding lesion levels. On conventional MRI, both the 5 cases of primary intraspinal melanoma and the 7 cases of primary intraspinal pigmented neurilemmoma generally showed isointense or hyperintense signals on T1WI and isointense or hypointense signals on T2WI at the corresponding levels. There were certain differences in MRI contrast-enhanced imaging: primary intraspinal melanoma typically demonstrated heterogeneous enhancement with ill-defined borders and invasion of adjacent tissues, while primary intraspinal pigmented neurilemmoma mostly showed homogeneous enhancement with relatively well-defined borders. For the 5 cases of primary intraspinal melanoma, the surgical duration ranged from 80 to 212 minutes, with an average of (140 ± 46) minutes; intraoperative blood loss ranged from 100 to 600 mL, with an average of (260±100) mL; and there were no perioperative deaths. Postoperative MRI revealed complete resection in 2 cases, subtotal resection in 2 cases, and partial resection in 1 case. For the 7 cases of primary intraspinal pigmented neurilemmoma, the surgical duration ranged from 100 to 228 minutes, with an average of (150±48) minutes; intraoperative blood loss ranged from 120 to 580 mL, with an average of (250±80) mL; and there were no perioperative deaths. Postoperative MRI showed complete resection in all 7 cases. Among the 5 patients with primary intraspinal melanoma who were regularly followed up after surgery, 4 patients died within 3 to 15 months after discharge, with a median survival time of 8.5 months. The cause of death in all cases was distant metastasis. One patient had a survival time exceeding 24 months and showed no signs of local recurrence or metastasis as of the last follow-up (June 2024). All patients completed at least 6 months of follow-up. The 7 patients with primary intraspinal pigmented neurilemmoma underwent regular postoperative imaging monitoring. All patients were followed up for 12 to 60 months, and all were alive with no evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Conclusion: Primary intraspinal melanoma and pigmented neurilemmoma exhibit non-specific clinical characteristics. MRI can be used for preliminary differential diagnosis, but pathological results are required for definitive identification. Primary intraspinal melanoma is more severe than pigmented neurilemmoma. Microscopic total tumor resection is the preferred treatment option, and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy can prolong patient survival. Pigmented neurilemmoma is mostly a benign tumor, and total tumor resection can generally be achieved. Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy are usually not required, but long-term prognosis is difficult to predict.

The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.

目的：探讨血管性痴呆（vascular dementia, VaD）患者认知功能损伤的临床特点、神经电生理特征及其 临床意义。方法：选择2022年至2024年在成都市第三人民医院神经内科住院的VaD患者100例作为VaD 组，同步选择在成都市第三人民医院神经内科门诊就诊因其他原因需行头颅核磁检查的认知功能正常患者 99例作为对照组。收集并且比较2组患者一般临床资料，头颅核磁检查结果、认知功能[采用简易精神状态 检查(minimum mental state examination，MMSE)评定]和心理功能[采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale，SAS)和抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale，SDS）评定]、听觉事件相关电位（event-related potential，ERP）波群P1、N1、P2、N2、P3在FZ、CZ、PZ导联的变化情况。结果：VaD组患者饮酒史、高脂血症 史和高同型半胱氨酸血症史的发生率均明显高于对照组（均P＜0.05）；头颅核磁检查结果示脑白质疏松、陈 旧性脑梗死、脑微出血的发生率均明显高于对照组（均P＜0.05）；记忆力减退、注意力减退和执行力减退的 发生率均明显高于对照组（均P＜0.05），SAS评分和SDS评分均明显高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。VaD组患者 听觉ERP波群P1、N2、P3在FZ、CZ、PZ导联的潜伏期均明显长于对照组（均P＜0.05），2组患者听觉ERP波 群 N1、P2 在 FZ、CZ、PZ 导联的潜伏期差异均无统计学意义（均 P＞0.05）；VaD 组患者听觉 ERP 波群 P3 在 FZ、CZ、PZ 导联的波幅均明显低于对照组且听觉 ERP 波群 N2 在 PZ 导联的波幅明显低于对照组（均 P＜ 0.05），2组患者听觉ERP波群P1、N1、P2在FZ、CZ、PZ导联的波幅差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05），VaD 组患者听觉ERP波群N2在FZ、CZ导联的波幅有降低趋势但差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论：VaD 患者饮酒史、高脂血症史和高同型半胱氨酸血症史的发生率较高，头颅核磁检查脑白质疏松、陈旧性脑梗 死、脑微出血的发生率较高，存在多认知域功能下降及焦虑、抑郁异常心理；听觉ERP波群N1、P2无明显神 经电生理改变，P1可能表现为潜伏期延长，N2、P3可随认知功能减退潜伏期延长、波幅降低。

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, characterized by dysfunction and pathology in neurovascular units, represent a leading cause of disability, with high incidence and protracted courses. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) serve as natural inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and are critical for maintaining extracellular matrix homeostasis. Recent research has unveiled novel, MMP-independent functions of TIMP-1, as it acts as a multifaceted cell factor by binding to cell surface receptors. Fluctuations in TIMP-1 levels directly correlate with the occurrence and prognosis of CNS diseases, making TIMP-1 a promising target for promoting neurovascular unit repair. This review summarizes the recent research progress of TIMP-1 in CNS diseases, aiming to comprehensively explore its roles and mechanisms in the development of cerebrovascular injury, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Mirror Visual Feedback Therapy is an emerging rehabilitation approach derived from the mirror neuron theory, which has been increasingly applied in the rehabilitation of post-stroke motor aphasia in recent years. Mirror visual feedback therapy can effectively ameliorate speech disorders in patients with post-stroke motor aphasia, enhancing their spontaneous speech, repetition, naming abilities, and articulation clarity, thereby improving their capacity for daily communication. This paper discusses the background and development of mirror visual feedback therapy, the therapeutic apparatus involved, its potential mechanisms of action in the treatment of post-stroke motor aphasia, and its clinical applications, aiming to provide novel insights for the rehabilitation of post-stroke motor aphasia.

showed partial recovery compared to the inducer group but still exhibited abnormalities. On postoperative day

To explore the research status, hot spots and trend of abnormal gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). Methods: With Web of Science core collection as the data source, CiteSpace 6.1. R6 and VOS viewer software were used to analyze scientific knowledge map of children and literature of SCP gait. Results: After keyword search and screening, 1 364 Web of Science articles were included in a fluctuating annual volume of articles, including 65 countries / regions, 219 institutions and 200 authors; the US, Germany and Australia were high-yielding countries, and the University of Amsterdam was the leading institution; all countries and institutions had close cooperation in this field. Conclusion: SCP abnormal gait received widespread attention. Type A botox injection, baclofen intrathecal injection, nerve root cutting, and orthosis auxiliary therapy are the future spastic cerebral palsy abnormal gait research hotspots. Hospital, family-school trinity multi-center rehabilitation training is the future of children with SCP rehabilitation training direction.

Multimodal MRI can describe structure, function and perfusion changes of epilepsy from different perspectives, offering advantages such as multi-sequence, multi-plane imaging, high resolution, and non-invasiveness. This paper elaborates on the current application status, challenges faced, and future development directions of multimodal MRI technology in the field of clinical evaluation of epilepsy. It summarizes its role in locating the epileptogenic zone and improving diagnostic accuracy, analyzes the current limitations and corresponding countermeasures, and looks forward to the prospects of integrating this technology with other techniques.

To explore rehabilitation options for dysphagia induced by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in post-stroke patients. Methods: A patient with post-stroke sequelae who developed COVID-19-induced dysphagia for more than one month underwent a two-stage comprehensive assessment and treatment. In the first stage, intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the bilateral swallowing cortex, balloon dilation therapy, and standard swallowing rehabilitation exercise were performed five times per week for two weeks. In the second stage, iTBS was applied to the suprahyoid muscles for an additional two weeks. Assessments were performed before treatment (T0), after the first stage (T1) and after the second stage (T2). The assessment indicators included the Standardized Swallowing Assessment (SSA), Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale (YPR-SRS) and Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) based on Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) of suprahyoid muscles, and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Results: Compared with T0, there was no significant improvement in swallowing function at the end of T1, with moderate to severe residue observed in the epiglottic vallecula and pyriform sinus. The patient could only attempt minimal liquid intake. Compared with the end of T1, the patient's swallowing function was significantly improved at the end of T2, with the SSA score decreasing from 32 to 22. YPR-SRS improved from moderate/severe residue to mild/trace residue, the PAS score decreased from 4 to 1, and the FOIS increased from 2 to 6. The patient could consume food orally with the exception of large gulps. The MEP latency reduced, and the amplitude increased in the bilateral suprahyoid muscles. The fNIRS results revealed a significant increase in the functional connectivity of the cortical swallowing network. Conclusion: iTBS to the suprahyoid muscles and bilateral swallowing cortex combined with balloon dilation is a safe and effective rehabilitation therapy for treating post-COVID-19 dysphagia in post-stroke patients, potentially by improving the function of the supraglottic muscles and increasing the excitability of swallowing-associated cortical areas and functional connectivity of brain networks.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) is a highly disabling mental illness characterized primarily by unnecessary compulsive thinking and behavior. In terms of genetics, abnormalities in the functions of the serotonin, glutamate, and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system, as well as abnormalities in biological processes such as inflammation and intracellular signal transduction, may be related to the occurrence and development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Single nucleotide polymorphism may be an important reason for these abnormalities at the molecular biology level. Therefore, studying the polymorphisms of popular candidate genes in different pathogenesis mechanisms is crucial for analyzing the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and there is potential in predicting risk factors and accurate treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

To analyze the potential latent classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy in elderly patients during the rehabilitation phase after stroke and its relationship with self-care ability. Methods: A total of 44 elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke were selected. During their rehabilitation treatment, they were surveyed using a general information questionnaire, the Stroke Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy Scale, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Modified Barthel Index, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Mplus 8.3 software was employed to conduct latent profile analysis of patients' rehabilitation self-efficacy. SPSS 26.0 software was used to compare the self-care ability of patients with different rehabilitation self-efficacy classes. Results: The rehabilitation self-efficacy of elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke was divided into two potential latent classes: the average rehabilitation self-efficacy type (27.78% ) and the good rehabilitation self-efficacy type (72.22%). Age, educational level, stroke type, primary caregiver, compliance with rehabilitation exercises, degree of neurological impairment, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and dysphagia were predictive factors influencing the latent profile classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy in these patients. There were differences in the self-care ability classification between the two potential latent classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy (P<0.01). Conclusion: The rehabilitation self-efficacy of elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke can be classified into two types, and there are differences in self-care ability among patients with different rehabilitation self-efficacy classes.