Sleep deprivation (SD) is a significant contributor to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive dysfunction, with its mechanisms closely linked to astrocyte activation. As key regulators of the central nervous system, astrocytes exhibit dual roles in SD through A1/A2 polarized phenotypes: A1 astrocytes exacerbate neuroinflammation and synaptic damage by releasing pro-inflammatory factors and neurotoxins, whereas A2 astrocytes promote neural repair via secretion of neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory mediators. This review systematically summarizes the activation mechanisms of astrocytes in SD and related signaling pathways, including NF-κB, MAPK, SHH and JAK-STAT. Chronic SD induces cognitive impairment through the accumulation of inflammatory mediators and hyperactivation of astrocytes, while modulating their polarization phenotypes (e.g., suppressing A1 or enhancing A2) may serve as novel strategies for intervening in SD-related neural injuries. Future studies should further elucidate the spatiotemporal specificity of astrocyte polarization and interactions within signaling networks to provide a theoretical basis for targeted therapies.

To conduct a visual analysis of relevant literature on the application of artificial intelligence in Parkinson's disease research through bibliometric analysis. Methods: The Web Of Science core database was used as the data source for this paper. CiteSpace 6.3.R1 and VOSviewer1.6.20 software were used to conduct bibliometric analyses on the annual number of publications, country/region, institution, keywords, authors and cited literature. Results: Ultimately, 2 043 articles meeting the criteria were included, and the number of publications in this field has been growing rapidly. Articles in this research area have been published by a total of 87 countries/regions. Among them, the United States, China, and Italy are high-yield countries, with Harvard Medical School being the leading institution. The top three authors in terms of publication volume are Gabriella Olmo, Alice Nieuwboer, and Lynn Rochester. High-frequency keywords in this field mainly include Parkinson's disease, deep brain stimulation, and gait, etc.; the latest emerging term is rehabilitation. The application of AI in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) is mainly distributed in neuroscience, electrical engineering, clinical neurology, and other fields. Among the journals where papers are published, SENSORS ranks first in both publication volume and H-index, while MOVEMENT DISORDERS has the highest impact factor (IF). The most frequently co-cited literature primarily focuses on the integration of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals with AI technology for the early diagnosis of PD. Conclusion: In recent years, AI has been developing rapidly in the medical field, and its application to PD has been increasing year by year, mainly focusing on the prediction of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of PD.

Traditional intervention methods for fear-related psychological disorders (such as specific phobia and post-traumatic stress disorder) are challenged by drug dependence and insufficient cultural adaptability. Music therapy, with its non-invasive nature and cross-cultural potential, has emerged as a new option, but there is still a gap in the integration of its mechanisms and the fusion of traditional Chinese and Western medical theories. Through a systematic review of recent studies, this paper proposes an integrated model of“Five Elements Music - Neural Plasticity”, which for the first time links the frequency characteristics of the Chinese Yu mode music (40~80 Hz) with the regulation of neurotransmitters (5-HT, GABA) and the functions of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus). This paper further constructs a ternary model of“frequency - neurotransmitter – emotion”, providing evidence-based guidance for the setting of music parameters, and proposes the neural mechanism by which group intervention alleviates social anxiety through the mirror neuron system. This paper provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the standardized treatment of fear-related psychological disorders with music therapy.

The gut-muscle-brain axis, acting as a three-dimensional interactive network that mediates neurodegenerative diseases and sarcopenia, plays a core regulatory role in the pathological progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This article provides a systematic review of how gut microbiota dysbiosis within this axis influences the balance of muscle protein synthesis and degradation via microbial metabolites, how myokines secreted by skeletal muscle in turn modulate neuroinflammation and the function and integrity of the intestinal barrier, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the bidirectional propagation of α-synuclein among the gut, muscle, and brain. Incorporating the latest clinical evidence, it further explores targeted intervention strategies such as probiotics and combined exercise-nutrition approaches, aiming to offer new perspectives for the precision prevention and management of sarcopenia in elderly PD patients.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is closely related to the imbalance of mitochondrial homeostasis, and studies have shown that mitochondria in CFS patients or model animals have abnormalities in morphology and structure, metabolism and quality control, which are closely related to the occurrence and/or development of CFS. In this paper, we take mitochondrial homeostasis as an entry point to systematically sort out its influence and role in the pathogenesis of CFS, with a view to providing more ideas and strategies for the study of potential mechanisms and treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Spasticity is a movement disorder caused by the high excitability of the stretch reflex, which is characterized by the speed-dependent enhancement of the tonic stretch reflex with tendon hyperreflexia. It is a common complication in patients with upper motor neuron injury. Surgical treatment is an effective treatment for patients with severe spasticity who fail to respond to drug and physical therapy. In order to ensure the smooth operation and good effect, the patient should be professionally evaluated before operation. This article summarizes the application and prospect of peripheral nerve surgery and emerging neuromodulation techniques in the field of spasm treatment. These techniques aim to improve the spasticity of patients and promote brain plasticity by reducing muscle tension and re-establishing the connection between the injured site and the brain, which is of great significance to improve the quality of life of patients.

Progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) is a neurodegenerative disease, a clinical subtype of primary progressive aphasia, characterized by gradually slowing, intermittent language expression and increasing grammatical errors. Current studies have shown that PNFA is mainly associated with abnormalities in tau protein and TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43), and may involve multiple protein pathologies. In terms of diagnosis, researchers have used imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and radiomics to discover specific brain structural changes in patients with PNFA, providing a basis for early diagnosis. In terms of treatment, speech and language therapy and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation) have shown certain improvement effects, but the progress of pharmacotherapy is currently limited.

The potential impact of light pollution on the nervous system is attracting increasing attention and has become a new research field in neuroscience. This review systematically explores the complex interaction mechanisms between light pollution and photosensitive epilepsy (PSE). Evidence indicates that light pollution, especially blue light exposure at 480 nm, significantly elevates seizure susceptibility through two principal pathways: primarily through direct suppression of melatonin secretion via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and secondary disruption of circadian rhythms. Core mechanisms involve three pathological dimensions: abnormal elevation of neuronal excitability, dysregulation of circadian clock gene expression patterns, and exacerbation of epileptogenic processes through oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory pathways. Current intervention strategies encompass chronotherapeutic approaches, melatonin supplementation protocols, and public health policy initiatives. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary integration and the application of new technologies to develop personalized precision prevention and treatment strategies, providing a scientific basis for mitigating the potential harm of light pollution on the nervous system.

To investigate the effects of Tafa2 on microglial functional phenotypes, neuronal injury, and functional recovery following acute cerebral ischemia. Methods: Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) models were established in adult male wild-type mice. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of Tafa2 protein after cerebral ischemia was determined using immunofluorescence techniques. tMCAO models were established in adult male wild-type and Tafa2-knockout mice. The effects of Tafa2 deletion on microglial polarization, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological function during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia were assessed using immunofluorescence, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, and behavioral tests. Results: In wild-type mice, Tafa2 protein expression was significantly increased in the ischemic hemisphere on day 3 after tMCAO compared to that in the sham group. On day 3 after tMCAO, Tafa2-knockout mice exhibited reduced infarct volume, decreased neuronal apoptosis, and alleviated sensorimotor deficits compared to wild-type mice. 3 days after tMCAO, Tafa2-knockout mice showed an increased proportion of CD206 + microglia and enhanced phagocytic function compared to wild-type mice. Conclusion: Tafa2 deficiency promotes the polarization of microglia toward an anti-inflammatory and pro-repair phenotype, reduces neuronal damage and improves neurological function during the acute phase of ischemic stroke.

MicroRNAs are tiny RNAs widely expressed in eukaryotic organisms, exhibiting differential expression in numerous diseases. MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is a signaling molecule closely associated with neurological diseases and has been extensively studied in cerebrovascular diseases. This article provides a review of the role and mechanisms of miR-122 in cerebrovascular diseases, aiming to offer new research targets for cerebrovascular diseases and a theoretical basis for the development of related drugs.

To explore the possible subtypes and clinical characteristics of persistent postural-perceptual dizziness(PPPD). Methods: A total of 106 patients diagnosed with PPPD were selected from the Shanxi People’s Hospital between May 2023 and December 2023. General and clinical data of the patients were collected; upon admission, questionnaires including the Niigata PPPD Questionnaire(NPQ), Dizziness Handicap Inventory(DHI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were administered. Factor analysis was conducted on the scale items, followed by cluster analysis based on the results of the factor analysis, with characteristic analysis performed for each patient group. Results: Factor analysis revealed three factors, named active motor factor(32.82% ), visual stimulation factor(14.80% ), and upright position factor(10.97% ). Cluster analysis identified three subtypes: visual stimulation-dominant subtype(n=25), posture control-dominant subtype(n=24), and active motor-dominant subtype(n=57). There were statistically significant differences in age, occupation, and family history of headaches among the three subtypes(P<0.05). The visual stimulation-dominant subtype patients had younger ages, with a notable family history of headache, and worked primarily as bank/supermarket clerks; the posture control-dominant subtype mainly consisted of civil servants, teachers; while the active motor-dominant subtype included predominantly workers, farmers. No statistically significant differences were found in other clinical data(P>0.05). Conclusion: The most common exacerbating factor for PPPD is active movement; it can be divided into three subtypes, each with significant characteristics in terms of age, occupation, and family history of headaches.

and protein expression levels of NLRP3, GSDMD, and their downstream inflammatory factors were significantly

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by progressive cognitive decline and driven by complex pathological processes, including β-amyloid deposition, hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation, and neuroinflammation. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB), the predominant circulating ketone body, functions not only as an alternative energy substrate to mitigate neuronal energy deficits but also acts on multiple pathological targets central to AD progression. This review systematically summarizes the neuroprotective mechanisms of BHB in AD, focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction, pathological protein deposition, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Clinical studies indicate that BHB significantly improves cognition in APOE ε4-negative patients, yet current strategies for inducing endogenous ketosis or supplementing exogenous ketones face substantial challenges. Future research should focus on optimizing BHB administration protocols, defining the optimal therapeutic blood concentration range, and advancing BHB as a targeted metabolic intervention for AD. Collectively, this review provides a theoretical framework for understanding the multi-mechanistic synergy of BHB in AD and its clinical translation.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor neuron loss, currently lacks effective clinical treatments and carries an extremely poor prognosis. Recent advances in understanding ALS pathogenesis have increasingly highlighted the central role of genetic factors—particularly as most prior studies focused on high-penetrance classic genes in familial cases, leaving sporadic ALS genetic architecture largely unexplained. Risk genes typically represent small-effect genetic variants across the genome that collectively influence disease susceptibility through polygenic interactions, epigenetic modifications, and gene-environment interplay. Breakthroughs from high-throughput sequencing coupled with multi-omics technologies have identified dozens of novel ALS risk genes in recent years. Elucidating their functional mechanisms could provide crucial molecular evidence for decoding ALS heritability patterns. This review systematically summarizes molecular regulatory mechanisms of newly discovered ALS risk genes over the past five years, evaluates their potential roles in core pathogenic pathways, and emphasizes their translational potential as precision therapy targets. By integrating multi-omics datasets with gene editing tools, we aim to accelerate clinical translation of these findings—potentially transforming ALS management through personalized medicine grounded in genetic insights.

As the principal afferent pathway for noxious stimuli, nociceptive sensory neurons have been shown to actively participate in tumor progression. Numerous studies indicate a complex bidirectional crosstalk between sensory neurons and tumors: tumors promote tumor innervation by releasing neurotrophic factors and axon guidance molecules, while sensory neurons remodel the tumor microenvironment by releasing neuropeptides, thereby modulating cancer proliferation, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis. However, this sensory neuro-tumor interaction exhibits marked heterogeneity across tumors of different organ origins, and its organ-specific mechanisms have yet to be systematically elucidated. Accordingly, this review aims to systematically delineate the organ-specific mechanisms by which nociceptive sensory neurons contribute to the initiation and progression of multiple solid tumors, evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting the sensory neuron-tumor signaling axis, and provide a theoretical basis and research directions for developing organ-specific neuromodulatory strategies.

To quantitatively characterize the visuo-oculomotor and vestibulo-oculomotor pathways in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Parkinson's disease (PD) using video-oculography (VOG), delineate the profile of oculomotor dysfunction in each disorder, and identify parameters with differential diagnostic value. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression (VOG) data from 24 PSP patients and 48 PD patients. The data included measurements of spontaneous nystagmus, gaze holding, saccades, head-shaking test, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex suppression (VORS) test. Results: In PSP patients, the incidence of restricted vertical gaze range, decreased vertical saccadic peak velocity, saccadic hypometria and prolonged latency, horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN), horizontal saccade hypometria and reduced velocity, as well as VORS functional abnormalities, were all significantly higher than those in PD patients (P< 0.05 for all). Spontaneous nystagmus was significantly more prevalent in PD patients than that in PSP patients (P= 0.006). The incidence of saccadic intrusions, vertical saccade hypometria, prolonged horizontal saccade latency, and perverted head-shaking nystagmus (pHSN) showed no significant difference between the PSP and PD groups (P>0.05 for all). Conclusion: Oculomotor and vestibulo-ocular assessments holds significant clinical value in differentiating PSP from PD. Specifically, vertical saccade dysfunction and VORS abnormalities serve as critical differential diagnosis indicators for distinguishing between the two conditions.

To investigate the protective effects of bilirubin on white matter injury and cognitive impairment under chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, and to elucidate its association with the regulation of microglial functional states. Methods: A bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model was employed to induce chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Behavioral assessments, histological analyses, and single-cell transcriptomic profiling were integrated to systematically evaluate the effects of bilirubin on white matter integrity and the inflammatory microenvironment. Results: Bilirubin treatment significantly improved learning, memory, and recognition abilities in BCAS mice, accompanied by marked attenuation of demyelination and structural disruption in the corpus callosum. Single-cell transcriptomic and histological analyses revealed that bilirubin suppressed inflammatory and immune-response-related transcriptional programs, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory and phagocytic activation of microglia. Trajectory inference and transcription factor regulatory analyses demonstrated that bilirubin redirected microglial state transitions away from inflammation-associated terminal states toward homeostatic and repair-related phenotypes. This shift was characterized by enhanced TGF-β-associated regulatory networks and concurrent suppression of interferon signaling pathways. Conclusion: Bilirubin effectively alleviates white matter injury and cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by reshaping microglial functional states and the inflammatory microenvironment.

To analyze the correlation between repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) characteristics and the severity of myasthenia gravis (MG), and to explore its application in evaluating the efficacy of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment for generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG). Methods: Adult GMG patients with spleen-kidney deficiency type, admitted to Wuhan Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from May 2021 to December 2023, were selected and randomly divided into a Western medicine group and an integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine group. The neuro-electrophysiological characteristics of RNS in all enrolled patients were compared, including the positive rate, distribution of positive muscles, and the maximum amplitude decrement ratio of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP). The correlation between the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio and the Quantitative Myasthenia Gravis Score (QMGs), the Myasthenia Gravis Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) scale, and the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) symptom score in assessing GMG condition was analyzed. Changes in the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio, QMGs score, MG-ADL score, and TCM symptom score before treatment, and at 3 and 6 months after treatment were compared and analyzed between the two groups. Results: A total of 74 GMG patients were enrolled, with 66 actually completing the clinical observation (35 in the Western medicine group, 31 in the integrated medicine group). Among the enrolled patients, the RNS positive rate was 81.82% to 94.44% , with no statistically significant difference in positive rates among patients of different MGFA types (P>0.05). The distribution of RNS positive muscles was consistent with the range of myasthenia involvement, showing facial nerve > accessory nerve > median nerve. As the MGFA type increased, the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio showed an upward trend, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Before treatment, and at 3 and 6 months after treatment, there was no significant correlation between the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio and the QMGs score (P>0.05). Before treatment and at 6 months after treatment, there was a correlation between the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio and the MG-ADL score (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was a correlation between the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio and the TCM symptom score (P<0.05). After treatment, the CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio, QMGs score, MG-ADL score, and TCM symptom score in both groups were significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.01). Intergroup comparison results showed that at 3 and 6 months of treatment, the TCM symptom score in the integrated medicine group was lower than that in the Western medicine group (P<0.05). Conclusion: In GMG patients, the RNS positive rate is high. The CMAP maximum amplitude decrement ratio has reference significance in assessing the severity of GMG, the improvement in patients’daily living ability, and the improvement in TCM symptom scores.

To investigate whether behavioral differences exist between female and male wild-type C57 mice in conditioned fear extinction experiments, providing a reference for the equal use of both sexes in fear conditioning and extinction-related studies. Methods: Fear levels, freezing episodes, freezing level per episode, and locomotor activity during conditioned stimulus presentation were measured through auditory-cued fear conditioning, extinction, and retrieval experiments. Behavioral differences between sexes were compared. Results: In fear conditioning and extinction experiments, no significant differences were observed between female and male mice across the four behavioral metrics. During the fear extinction retrieval test, female mice exhibited a higher freezing level per episode upon the first conditioned stimulus presentation, while no significant differences were found in other metrics. Conclusion: Wild-type C57 mice of both sexes show no behavioral differences in fear conditioning and extinction experiments, supporting their equal use in such studies. However, potential sex-based differences in the ability to maintain extinction memory suggest caution when investigating fear memory retention.

This study aims to use Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal associations between gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and myasthenia gravis (MG), as well as the potential mediating mechanisms. Methods: Publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data were utilized, encompassing 473 gut microbial taxa (n=5959), 1400 plasma metabolites, and cases (197 MG patients and 354945 controls). Bidirectional MR was employed to assess causal relationships between gut microbiota and MG, with multistep MR and mediation analyses conducted to investigate the mediating roles of metabolites. Results: A total of 23 gut microbial taxa exhibited causal associations with MG (IVW, P<0.05), while MG demonstrated reverse causal effects on the abundance of two gut microbial species. Nine plasma metabolites showed causal links with MG (IVW, P<0.05), with no reverse causal influence of MG on these metabolites. CAG-269 significantly increased the protective metabolites 1-linoleoyl-GPI (18∶2) (OR=1.120, P= 0.027) and 1-palmitoyl-GPI (16∶0) (OR=1.141, P=0.017), while decreasing the risk metabolite 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (OR=0.902, P=0.045). The genus Jiangellaceae reduced the risk metabolite phenylacetylglutamine (OR= 0.701, P=0.042), and CAG-448 lowered the risk metabolite N-acetyl-2-aminononanoic acid (OR=0.910, P= 0.049). Multivariable MR analysis revealed that the protective effect of CAG-269 was mediated through reductions in 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid (mediation effect: 14.1% ) and increases in 1-linoleoyl-GPI (18 ∶ 2) (12.8% ) and 1-palmitoyl-GPI (16 ∶ 0) (12.9% ). Conversely, the risk-enhancing effect of Jiangellaceae was mediated by reductions in phenylacetylglutamine (14.9% ), and the risk-enhancing effect of CAG-448 was mediated by reductions in N-acetyl-2-aminononanoic acid (7.4% ). Conclusion: This MR study provides genetic evidence supporting causal associations between select gut microbial taxa, plasma metabolites, and MG.

This study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to analyze cortical activation patterns during resting state and picture naming tasks in patients with subacute post-stroke anomic aphasia. Method: Fifteen patients with subacute post-stroke anomic aphasia were enrolled as the aphasic group, and twenty age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were recruited as controls. fNIRS data were collected from both groups during resting state and picture naming tasks, with analysis focused on language-related brain regions. Results: During the resting state, the aphasic group showed reduced oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and right superior temporal gyrus (STG) compared to controls (P<0.05). Enhanced functional connectivity was observed between the left SMG and right Broca’s area, as well as between the left SMG and right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (P< 0.05). During picture naming, the aphasic group exhibited decreased activation in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), left angular gyrus, and bilateral SMG compared to controls (P<0.05). Notably, the β-value of the left SMG during picture naming correlated positively with task performance scores (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, fNIRS revealed significantly reduced activation in the left SMG among anomic aphasic patients, with activation levels positively correlating with picture-naming performance. These findings underscore the critical role of the left SMG in language deficits and its potential as a therapeutic target for rehabilitation.

The occurrence, progression, and clinical prognosis of ischemic stroke are influenced by various factors, among which a sudden increase in blood pressure during the acute phase is a typical clinical manifestation and is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, implementing effective blood pressure management strategies during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is crucial for controlling the condition and improving the prognosis. Based on the current state of research, this article mainly reviews several aspects, including the characteristics of blood pressure changes during the acute phase of ischemic stroke, the potential adverse effects of elevated blood pressure on patients, blood pressure management strategies for intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment, and the selection of appropriate methods for reducing blood pressure.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common neurotraumatic damage, which may lead to paralysis or even death in patients and impose a significant medical burden on society. Various forms of regulated cell deaths (RCD), such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and so on, occur during the process of SCI. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecules or free radicals produced during incomplete reduction of oxygen in cellular metabolism, regulate RCD through various mechanisms in SCI, thereby influencing its prognosis. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which ROS regulate RCD in SCI in recent years.

Post-stroke upper limb motor dysfunction is one of the most common sequelae following a stroke, primarily manifesting as flaccidity, weakness, spasticity, and shoulder pain in the upper limb, which severely impacts patients’ability to perform activities of daily living. Current treatment methods include medication, acupuncture, and physical/occupational therapy, but the rehabilitation process is often slow and costly. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques hold promising application prospects for the rehabilitation of post-stroke upper limb motor dysfunction, among which repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have garnered the most clinical attention. This article reviews the application of these two techniques in the rehabilitation of post-stroke upper limb motor dysfunction, discusses their clinical selection strategies, and explores future research directions that warrant greater focus.

The vestibular system is an important sensory system within the human body, primarily responsible for maintaining balance and posture control. When vestibular function is impaired, a phenomenon called vestibular compensation occurs immediately, which is a process in which the central nervous system maintains the body's balance through adaptive regulation and compensatory mechanisms. This article reviews the process, mechanism, intervention strategies, evaluation, and measurement of vestibular compensation, in order to provide reference for future clinical treatment methods and research.

To investigate the current status of fear of disease progression (FoP) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and analyze its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 120 patients with NMOSD from the neurology outpatient and inpatient departments of a tertiary hospital in Wuhan were selected as participants between June 2024 and March 2025. The enrolled patients were assessed using the General Information Questionnaire, Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form (FoP-Q-SF), and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), followed by statistical analysis. Results: The mean Fear of Disease Progression (FoDP) score among NMOSD patients was 36.57 ± 7.72. Of the participants, 48(40% ) exhibited moderate fear, and 66(55% ) demonstrated severe fear. Key influencing factors included avoidant coping, yielding coping, and the presence of refractory hiccups, nausea, or vomiting symptoms (all P<0.05). Avoidant coping showed a positive correlation with FoDP (P<0.01), while yielding coping negatively correlated with FoDP (P<0.01). Conclusion: Patients with NMOSD experience a high level of fear regarding disease progression. Clinical interventions should prioritize guiding patients to reduce avoidant coping strategies while addressing the psychological needs revealed by their yielding coping responses. Additionally, proactive management of refractory hiccups, nausea, and vomiting is essential to alleviate patients’fears effectively.

To investigate the application of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM)-based approach in early-stage stroke rehabilitation training. Methods: A total of 96 stroke patients with hemiplegia admitted to our hospital from March 2023 to December 2024 were selected. Patients were randomly assigned to a control group (n=48) and an observation group (n=48) using a randomization list, and both groups underwent a 3-month intervention. The control group received conventional rehabilitation exercises, while the observation group received early stroke rehabilitation guidance based on the TTM. The implementation rate of early motor rehabilitation, limb motor function (Fugl-Meyer Assessment [FMA] scores), post-stroke quality of life (Stroke-Specific Quality of Life [SS-QOL] scores), and psychological resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale [CD-RISC] scores) were compared between the two groups. Results: The implementation rate of early motor rehabilitation was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (48 vs. 41, P=0.019). After the intervention, the observation group showed significantly greater improvements in upper limb FMA scores (52.15±5.82 vs. 48.50±5.74, P=0.003), lower limb FMA scores (25.85±3.52 vs. 23.48±3.49, P= 0.001), SS-QOL scores (78.33±10.93 vs. 73.27±6.24, P=0.006), and CD-RISC scores (79.29±9.16 vs. 65.78± 8.82, P<0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: TTM-based early stroke motor rehabilitation enhances the implementation rate of early motor rehabilitation in stroke patients with hemiplegia, improves psychological resilience, increases rehabilitation compliance and initiative, promotes the formation of long-term rehabilitation behaviors, and enhances the effectiveness of stroke motor rehabilitation and quality of life, demonstrating significant clinical efficacy.

To investigate the changes in motor function, sensory function, cognitive function, and fine behavior in male and female mice during natural aging. Methods: C57BL/6J mice aged 3 months and 21 months were subjected to assessments of motor function (open-field test, rotarod test, balance beam test, and gait analysis), sensory function (Von Frey test), cognitive function (novel object recognition test), and fine behavior analysis in home cages to compare the effects of natural aging on the behavior of male and female mice. Results: In motor function tests, compared with younger mice of the same sex, elderly female mice exhibited a significant decrease in both the distance traveled and movement speed in the open field (P<0.05), while no significant changes were observed in elderly male mice. In the rotarod test, both elderly male and female mice showed a significant decline in motor balance (P<0.01). In the balance beam test, the motor balance and coordination of elderly mice deteriorated, with a more pronounced decline in elderly male mice (P< 0.0001). In the gait analysis, both elderly male and female mice demonstrated a reduction in gait symmetry (P< 0.001). Regarding sensory function, the pain thresholds of both elderly male and female mice were significantly higher than those of younger mice of the same sex (P<0.0001), indicating a diminished response to noxious stimuli. In terms of cognitive function, elderly male and female mice lost the preference for exploring novel objects that was observed in younger mice. The results of fine behavior tests in home cages revealed that, compared with younger mice of the same sex, elderly female mice showed a 9.14% decrease in spontaneous motor behavior and a 38.05% decrease in exploratory behavior, while self-care behavior increased by 15.52%. In elderly male mice, spontaneous motor behavior and exploratory behavior decreased by 46.50% and 9.59%, respectively, while self-care behavior increased by 2.36% . Compared with male mice, female mice spent a greater proportion of time on exploratory and spontaneous motor behaviors and engaged in less self-care behavior overall. Conclusion: As mice age naturally, their motor, sensory, and cognitive functions decline, exhibiting certain sex-dependent characteristics.

To conduct a visualization analysis of the current research status, hotspots, and emerging trends in the literature related to the application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Relevant articles on the application of fNIRS in the field of ASD up to April 2024 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. CiteSpace 6.3.R2 was used for visualization analysis to create knowledge maps, including co-occurrence and burst maps of authors, institutions, countries, and keywords. Results: A total of 179 articles were included. The annual publication volume showed an overall fluctuating upward trend. The author with the highest publication volume was Li Jun, the institution with the most publications was South China Normal University, and the country with the highest publication volume was the United States. Hot keywords included children, activation, brain, functional connectivity, cortex, etc. The keyword burst analysis revealed that early research in this field focused on brain function studies in typically and atypically developing children, followed by further confirmation of abnormal interhemispheric connectivity and coordination patterns in ASD. More recent research has focused on exploring differences in brain region activation and functional connectivity between ASD children and typically developing children, as well as integrating various classification algorithms with brain-computer interface technology. Conclusion: The popularity of research on the application of fNIRS in the field of ASD is generally increasing.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder for which effective treatments are still lacking. Recent studies have revealed that putrescine, as a central molecule in polyamine metabolism, plays a critical role in the onset and progression of AD. This review systematically summarizes the neurobiological functions of putrescine and its multifaceted pathological mechanisms in AD, including the promotion of Aβ deposition, induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, activation of neuroinflammation, and impairment of synaptic function. Additionally, the article evaluated therapeutic strategies targeting putrescine metabolism, such as inhibiting its key synthetic enzymes or supplementing beneficial polyamines, in terms of their potential and challenges in intervening with the AD process. This study provides a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the metabolic mechanisms of AD and the development of therapeutic approaches targeting the polyamine system.

To systematically evaluate the correlation between tremor severity and three monoaminergic neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: Studies analyzing the correlation between PD tremor and these three monoaminergic neurotransmitters were searched, and a meta-analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 26 studies were included, involving 1878 participants. The meta-analysis revealed no correlation between contralateral putamen dopamine function and PD tremor [r=－0.05, 95%CI (－0.13, 0.03), P=0.194]. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between ipsilateral caudate dopamine function and PD tremor in the early stage of the disease (disease duration≤5 years) [r=0.17, 95%CI (0.10, 0.25), P<0.001]. The results of the correlation analysis between raphe nuclei serotonergic function and PD tremor were unstable [random-effects model: r=－0.23, 95% CI (－0.44, 0.02), P=0.067; fixed-effects model: r=－0.14, 95%CI (－0.23, －0.04), P=0.004]. The tracers used in studies investigating the correlation between noradrenergic function and PD tremor varied significantly, so a systematic review was conducted for this part. Conclusion: The relationship between PD tremor and dopaminergic function may be influenced by brain region and disease duration. In the early stage of the disease, ipsilateral caudate dopamine function is positively correlated with PD tremor severity. The relationships between PD tremor and both serotonergic and noradrenergic functions require further investigation, and it is crucial to use consistent and specific tracers.

Endolymphatic hydrops (EH) serves as a crucial pathological basis for various vestibular disorders and holds particular significance in the diagnosis of Meniere's disease. With the continuous advancement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, especially the application of delayed gadolinium-enhanced delayed 3D-FLAIR sequences, the capability for imaging diagnosis of EH has been significantly enhanced. Clinically, the interpretation of inner ear hydrops imaging often relies on experienced experts; however, this process is highly subjective and time-consuming, posing a substantial challenge to the precise diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning-based image analysis methods, has provided a novel solution for the rapid and objective assessment of EH. This article reviews the fundamental principles of radiomics and AI in EH diagnosis, the current status of their application in interpreting inner ear hydrops imaging, existing challenges, and future development directions. It aims to provide theoretical support and technical reference for the precise diagnosis and personalized treatment of inner ear diseases.

目的：探讨疲劳、疾病不确定度、家庭功能对脑出血患者直系陪护亲属的症状负担影响及影响因素的 交互作用。方法：选取278例脑出血患者的直系陪护亲属，采用四种评估量表对其症状负担进行评估。运用 SPSS 21.0软件对数据统计分析；Logistics回归分析总体；Amos程序构建协方差结构模型。结果：278例脑出 血患者的直系陪护亲属表现为32种症状负担，评分最高为忧伤（0.49±0.56）分。症状负担主要表现为心理症 状（1.63±0.75）分。家庭经济年收入、患者亲属身体条件、睡眠状况等与症状负担关系具有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）。症状负担随疲劳和不确定度增加而增大（β标准化=0.326、P＜0.01；β标准化=0.047、P＜0.05），疲劳与症状负 担呈正向影响（SE β=0.732、P=0.022），家庭功能与疾病不确定度的交互作用会减轻症状负担（SE β=－0.246、 P=0.008）。结论：疲劳、疾病不确定度和家庭功能影响使脑出血患者直系陪护亲属表现为多种症状负担，疲 劳能够增加症状负担，良好的家庭功能能够缓解疾病不确定度，最终减轻症状负担。

To investigate the relationship between the posterior cingulate gyrus and neurobehavioral disorders (ND) in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) combined with ultrasound. Methods: A total of 120 neonates with HIE were enrolled and divided into a non-ND group (n=72) and an ND group (n=48) based on the results of the Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment (NBNA) scores. The ultrasound gray-scale values of the posterior cingulate gyrus and the rs-fMRI findings were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent influencing factors for ND in neonates with HIE. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the correlation between the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) values of the posterior cingulate gyrus and global network property parameters of the brain. The dose-response relationship between each indicator and ND in neonates with HIE was analyzed using the restricted cubic spline method. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to assess the relationship between the ultrasound gray-scale values of the posterior cingulate gyrus, the severity of HIE, and ND. Results: Compared with the non-ND group, the ND group exhibited a lower 5-minute Apgar score at birth (P<0.05) and a significantly higher degree of HIE (P<0.05). The ALFF values of the posterior cingulate gyrus, globus pallidus, and parahippocampal cortex were decreased (P<0.05). Network strength (Sp), local efficiency (Eloc), and normalized shortest path length ( λ) were reduced (P<0.05). The ultrasound gray-scale values of the posterior cingulate gyrus were significantly increased (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that severe HIE, as well as lower levels of ALFF values, Sp, Eloc, and λ in the posterior cingulate gyrus, were independent influencing factors for ND in neonates with HIE (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between the ALFF values of the posterior cingulate gyrus and the global network property parameters Sp, Eloc, and λ (β >0, P<0.05). The restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the ALFF values, Sp, Eloc, and λ of the posterior cingulate gyrus and the occurrence of ND in neonates with varying degrees of HIE. ROC curve analysis showed that the ultrasound gray-scale values of the posterior cingulate gyrus had high diagnostic value for assessing the severity of HIE (AUC=0.871, P<0.05) but no significant relationship with the occurrence of ND (AUC=0.634, P>0.05). Conclusion: Neonates with HIE exhibit decreased ALFF values and abnormal functional connectivity in the posterior cingulate gyrus, which are associated with an increased risk of ND.

目的：构建中晚期帕金森病患者出院准备度量表，并检验其信效度。方法：以Meleis转变理论为框 架，基于文献回顾、专家德尔菲法咨询及预调查对量表条目进行修订，采用分层抽样法选取220例患者进行 调查，检验其信效度。结果：最终研制出包含4个维度，38个条目的中晚期帕金森病患者出院准备度量表； 经探索性因子分析共产生4个因子，累计解释变异量56.04%，其内容效度（I-CVI）为0.92～1.00，Cronbach'α 系数为0.943，各因子Cronbach'α系数为0.790～0.918。结论：中晚期帕金森病患者出院准备度量表具有专 科性强及信效度好等优点，适用于患者的出院评估。