Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, often accompanied by a variety of non-motor symptoms. Cognitive dysfunction is a significant non-motor symptom that severely impairs patients' quality of life. However, the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment remains unclear. The disruption of the blood-brain barrier is believed to mediate and participate in the development of Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment, and it also influences disease progression. S100 calcium-binding protein B, occludin, claudin-5, aquaporin-4, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 are all biomarkers reflecting blood-brain barrier disruption, and they also play crucial roles in the pathophysiological processes of Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment. This article will elaborate on the research progress regarding these specific proteins as peripheral biomarkers of blood-brain barrier disruption and their correlation with the development of Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment.