The broad immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) includes innate immune response and adaptive immune response, involving a variety of immune effector cells. Hyperimmune-induced neuroinflammation is a key process in most neurological diseases, even more damaging than the primary damage. At present, the neuroimmunotherapy for CNS diseases mainly focuses on drugs. Electroacupuncture, has the characteristics of few side effects and high safety, and the therapeutic effect in the treatment of the CNS diseases has been confirmed, but the biological mechanism involved in the therapeutic effect is more complex. Starting from neuroinflammation induced by neuroimmune system activation, this paper summarizes the types of immune effector cells that play a major role in CNS diseases in recent years, describes the mechanism of immune cells, and discusses the molecular biological mechanism of how electroacupuncture can inhibit neuroinflammation by regulating the neuro-immune system and immune effector cells to treat diseases.