The discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels has reshaped our understanding of fluid exchange, waste clearance, and immune privilege in the central nervous system. Currently, a large number of studies have elucidated the anatomical structure and function of meningeal lymphatic vessels, focusing on their potential roles in the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. This paper reviews the anatomical structure, physiological function, relationship with the glymphatic system, and research progress in multiple neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors. This review aims to enhance the understanding of meningeal lymphatic vessels and provide a theoretical basis for the development of preventive and targeted therapies for central nervous system diseases through this pathway.