The peripheral nervous system is a neural network that covers the entire body, but its widespread distribution makes it more susceptible to injury. With the annual increase in the incidence of peripheral nerve damage, regeneration and repair of nerve after injury have become the focus of various neuroscience research. The regeneration mechanism of the peripheral nerves is related to multiple cell populations, especially Schwann cells (SCs) and macrophages. These are the two most important types of cells within the peripheral nerves, involved in the growth, repair, and reconstruction processes of the peripheral nerves. They promote the repair of nerve injuries through various aspects such as inflammatory response, cellular debris clearance, nutritional support, and axonal regeneration. This article provides an overview of the roles of SCs and macrophages in the regeneration and repair process of peripheral nerves, as well as their interactions, in order to offer new insights for basic and clinical research on peripheral nerve injuries.