Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the onset, progression, and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases, in which microglia serve as key modulators. Upon stimulation, microglia are rapidly activated and can be categorized into M1 pro-inflammatory and M2 anti-inflammatory repair phenotypes based on their secreted cytokines and functional states, greatly affecting neuronal survival. The promotion of microglial M1/M2 phenotypic transformation has become a research hotspot in recent years. This article provides an overview of the receptors related to microglial phenotypic transformation.