Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological condition. The primary clinical interventions include emergency treatment, surgical procedures, drug therapy, and rehabilitation programs. However, Conventional drug therapy is difficult to cross the Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) and cannot target damaged nerve tissue. In contrast, nano-drug delivery systems offer controlled release properties and can precisely target spinal cord tissue, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional drug therapies. Through exquisite design, assembly and external modification, the nanomedical drug delivery system has outstanding therapeutic effects. This paper reviews the current research status of Nanoparticles for drug delivery in SCI. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the targeting strategies utilized in drug delivery systems for spinal cord injury, as well as the potential of nanoparticles and their respective characteristics and limitations. Finally, the efforts and obstacles to be overcome in the application of nanoparticle drug delivery technology in the field of clinical SCI repair are discussed.