Clinical studies have found that COVID-19 can cause damage and dysfunction of the nervous system, which indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic in some cases and can invade the central nervous system and cause symptoms. Cytokine storm can damage blood vessels and exacerbate acute and chronic neuroinflammatory reactions. Herein, we mainly focus on the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 to explore its pathogenic mechanism and the relationship between COVID-19 and related neurological diseases, thereby providing new ideas for finding effective prevention and treatment methods and improving the prognosis of patients with nervous system involvement in the future.