Small vessel disease is the most common form of vascular cognitive impairment. Binswanger’s disease is a type of small vessel disease characterized by a series of features that overlap with other types of vascular cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases. Multimodal biomarkers markers obtained from clinical and neuropsychological testing, imaging techniques, and cerebrospinal fluid can help identify Binswanger’s disease, reveal its underlying pathological mechanisms, and indicate future treatment directions.