The high incidence, atypical symptoms and comorbidity with other mental disorders of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents pose great challenges to clinical diagnosis and treatment, and seriously affect their learning and social functioning. The exact cause of this disease is not yet fully understood. This article reviews the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, and finds that inflammation and dysregulation of the uric acid pathway may be one of the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents; Inflammatory factors C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may be biomarkers for staging bipolar disorder in children and adolescents; Pharmacological treatments commonly used in clinical practice such as lithium carbonate and valproic acid can stabilize mood by exerting anti-inflammatory effects, and anti-inflammatory drugs such as N-acetylcysteine and ω-3 fatty acids can improve depression and mania in bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, which may serve as adjunctive medications to aid clinical treatment in the future.