Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a common clinical injury that affects patients' quality of life and can result in permanent disability in severe cases. Therefore, it is important to deeply study the repair of nerve injuries. Many studies have shown that macrophages play an important role in PNI and repair. This review mainly discusses the regulatory role of macrophages in PNI and repair from the perspectives of macrophage migration, phagocytosis, polarization, secretion function, and its effects on angiogenesis and Schwann cell activity.