To analyze the characteristics and prognosis of nitroimidazole encephalopathy. Methods: The clinical data of 2 patients with nitroimidazole encephalopathy were collected, and relevant literatures were collected for retrospective analysis. Results: The 2 patients both showed symptoms of cerebellar nervous system defect in acute or subacute onset. MRI revealed injury location to be the corpus callosum in 1 case and cerebellar dentate nucleus in the other case. Symptoms in both cases rapidly improved after stopping drug use. Literature analysis showed that, among a total of 69 patients, 41 cases were Asian, 62 cases experienced cerebellar dysfunction among first clinical symptoms, 63 cases displayed an MRI accumulation site at the dentate nucleus, and 65 cases demonstrated a complete recovery of clinical symptoms. Conclusion: Nitroimidazole encephalopathy involves the cerebellum, corpus callosum, and brainstem, is more prevalent in Asians, and shows relatively good prognosis.