To analyze the clinical manifestation, mechanism, and treatment of nervous system injury induced by radiotherapy. Methods: Two cases of radioactive nervous system injury were reported and, combined with relevant literature, retrospectively analyzed. Results: One case showed radioactive brain necrosis and the other showed radioactive brachial plexus injury. We collected data of 271 cases of radioactive nervous system injury. The most common early manifestation of central nervous system injury induced by radiotherapy was cognitive dysfunction, and the most common late manifestation was white matter necrosis. The most common manifestation of peripheral nervous system injury induced by radiotherapy was brachial plexus injury. Conclusion: Radioactive nervous system damage is a common complication of radiotherapy. These neurological complications should be given prompt attention and appropriate treatment.