Restoring motor function after spinal cord injury is a major challenge in neuroscience. Epidural spi
nal cord stimulation can activate spinal neural networks and improve motor performance. However, current
open-loop and peripheral feedback closed-loop systems cannot respond in real-time to central intentions. This
limitation restricts independent movement. To address this, recent years have seen the emergence of brain-spinal
cord interface technology, which combines brain-computer interfaces with epidural spinal cord stimulation. This
technology shows tremendous potential, offering a novel pathway for intention-driven movement. In this con
text, this paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of epidural spinal cord stimulation, electrode placement,
stimulation parameters, stimulation modes, and closed-loop control systems. Subsequently, it summarizes the
principles of brain-spinal cord interface technology and key evidence from preclinical and clinical studies.
Through technological advancements, standardized experimental designs, and interdisciplinary collaboration,
brain-spinal cord interface technology is poised to benefit patients with spinal cord injuries worldwide.
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