Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major brain disorder characterized by high mortality and high disability rates. The secondary brain injury caused by TBI has long lacked effective treatment strategies, representing a critical medical challenge that urgently needs to be overcome. Although a substantial amount of research on TBI treatment has been reported and novel therapeutic concepts have emerged, they have not been successfully translated into clinical practice. Therefore, clinical treatment for TBI-induced secondary brain injury remains an area awaiting breakthroughs. This article primarily discusses the current status of TBI diagnosis and treatment, advances in therapeutic research, and the challenges regarding clinical translation, aiming to provide a reference for promoting research into TBI treatment.