Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are clinical conditions characterized by decreased or absent levels of consciousness due to severe central nervous system injury, commonly observe in patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest, etc. Prognostic factors for DOC are multifactorial, with the acute phase being a critical period for prognostication and clinical intervention. Early prognostic assessment holds significant importance in guiding therapeutic strategies and optimizing resource allocation. This review summarizes recent advances in research on prognostic factors foe acute DOC, including clinical features, neurophysiological indicators, neuroimaging findings, brain biomarkers, and brain-computer interfaces. The review particularly emphasizes the clinical potential of multimodal assessment, aiming to provide scientific evidence for early prognosis evaluation and subsequent precision treatment of acute DOC.