Bones are highly dynamic and adaptive tissues that undergo continuous remodeling for growth, healing of injuries, and regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In the maintenance of bone homeostasis, osteoblasts with bone-forming functions and osteoclasts with bone-resorbing functions play crucial roles. Dysfunction of these two types of cells can lead to a disruption of bone homeostasis. The autonomic nervous system, as a core regulatory bridge between the central nervous system and the skeletal system, has an irreplaceable physiological significance in maintaining bone homeostasis. This article reviews recent studies on osteoblast-osteoclast communication and the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of bone resorption and remodeling. The results show that the autonomic nervous system can secrete neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine, activate adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on cells, regulate related genes such as PER1, PER2, Bmal1, RUNX2, and OPN, as well as signaling pathways like cAMP/PKA/CREB and Wnt/β-catenin, thereby affecting osteoblasts and osteoclasts and modulating various physiological activities during bone reconstruction.