Executive dysfunction seriously affects the daily life and work of individuals, which is common in the healthy elderly and patients with a variety of mental and neurological diseases, and brings a huge burden to the family and society. Therefore, executive function has become an important area of research. However, the concept and assessment methods are not unified, and many treatment methods are still being explored. In order to understand executive function in depth, this review aims to summarize the relevant literature and systematically introduce the conceptual classification, brain network basis, neuropsychological assessment and intervention methods of executive function. Understanding the mechanism of action of different intervention modalities is the key to the development of precision treatment programs. This article will focus on analyzing the biological and cognitive basis behind these intervention effects, with a view to improving the prognosis of patients with executive dysfunction, help improve their quality of life.