In this paper, the molecular mechanism and research progress of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
in diabetes and its complications are systematically reviewed. IGF-1 regulates cell proliferation, metabolism and
survival by activating multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK. In the develop
ment of diabetes, IGF-1 participates in regulating pancreatic beta cell function, insulin sensitivity and glucose
homeostasis, and its serum level is closely related to the risk of diabetes and disease progression. In terms of dia
betes complications, IGF-1 may play a neuroprotective role in peripheral neuropathy; while in retinopathy and
nephropathy, it shows a dual role, which may promote vascular proliferation and disease progression, but also
has protective effects under certain conditions. In summary, IGF-1 and its signaling pathways can be used as po
tential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diabetes and its complications. Future studies need to further ex
plore tissue-specific mechanisms and clinical transformation to promote the development of individualized diag
nosis and treatment strategies.
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