Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as a crucial member of the neurotrophin family, is widely expressed in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, playing a pivotal role in promoting neural injury repair. This article systematically explores the in vivo homeostasis mechanisms of BDNF, its regulatory mechanisms regarding neurological function, the impact of gene polymorphisms on motor function recovery after ischemic stroke, and the factors regulating BDNF expression. It aims to elucidate the core role of BDNF in the treatment and rehabilitation of post-stroke motor dysfunction and to provide an outlook on its clinical application prospects.