To analyze the potential latent classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy in elderly patients during the rehabilitation phase after stroke and its relationship with self-care ability. Methods: A total of 44 elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke were selected. During their rehabilitation treatment, they were surveyed using a general information questionnaire, the Stroke Rehabilitation Self-Efficacy Scale, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Modified Barthel Index, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Mplus 8.3 software was employed to conduct latent profile analysis of patients' rehabilitation self-efficacy. SPSS 26.0 software was used to compare the self-care ability of patients with different rehabilitation self-efficacy classes. Results: The rehabilitation self-efficacy of elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke was divided into two potential latent classes: the average rehabilitation self-efficacy type (27.78% ) and the good rehabilitation self-efficacy type (72.22%). Age, educational level, stroke type, primary caregiver, compliance with rehabilitation exercises, degree of neurological impairment, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and dysphagia were predictive factors influencing the latent profile classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy in these patients. There were differences in the self-care ability classification between the two potential latent classes of rehabilitation self-efficacy (P<0.01). Conclusion: The rehabilitation self-efficacy of elderly patients in the rehabilitation phase after stroke can be classified into two types, and there are differences in self-care ability among patients with different rehabilitation self-efficacy classes.