Insufficient sleep duration, referred to as sleep deprivation, can be caused by various triggers such as poor lifestyle habits, disease, or environmental factors, which can directly lead to impaired cognitive function. Research suggests that the impact of sleep deprivation on astrocytes may be a key node leading to cognitive dysfunction. The mechanisms by which astrocytes exert their effects has not yet been fully elucidated; however, they may involve multiple pathways including participation in synaptic plasticity, β-amyloid deposition, accumulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, oxidative stress, and immune inflammation. This review summarizes researches over the past decade related to astrocytes, sleep deprivation, and cognitive impairments. It consolidates the relevant influencing factors and mechanistic pathways, outlines the interactive relationships of the pathogenic mechanisms, and explores potential therapeutic strategies. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive perspective on the role of astrocytes in sleep deprivation, promoting further development in related research fields and providing a theoretical basis for the development of new treatment methods and intervention measures.