Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and its prevalence has increased significantly in recent years. The etiology of ASD involves multiple factors such as genetics, the environment, and neurodevelopment. However, the specific pathogenesis remains unclear, and currently, there are no safe and effective treatment methods. Studies have shown that based on the "microbiota-gut-brain axis" mechanism, regulating the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites can restore the balance of the gut microbiome, thereby modulating the central nervous system to improve ASD symptoms. Autophagy is an essential metabolic system for maintaining cellular and protein homeostasis. It is involved in the genetic and molecular mechanisms of various neurodevelopmental disorders and is also closely related to ASD-related behaviors and disease progression. This paper aims to explore the relationships among intestinal microbiota, autophagy, and ASD, analyze their regulatory roles in ASD, and investigate the possibility of alleviating ASD symptoms by influencing autophagy through the intestinal microbiota, providing new ideas for the treatment of ASD.