Post-stroke aphasia is a common post-stroke functional disorder, and conventional speech-language therapy (SLT) has limited efficacy. As a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) promotes neural network reorganization and facilitates language recovery by modulating cortical excitability and interhemispheric inhibitory balance. This article reviews the mechanisms of action, intervention timing, stimulation targets, and current therapeutic applications of rTMS across different types of aphasia. Future research could integrate functional neuroimaging technologies to optimize personalized treatment and evaluation protocols, thereby enhancing the clinical translational value of rTMS.