Cerebral infarction is a type of disease caused by blood supply disorders in brain tissue, leading to varying degrees of neurological deficits and cognitive dysfunction in patients, reducing their quality of life. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be induced and activated after cerebral ischemia as stress proteins related to ischemia, playing an important role in brain damage. In recent years, more and more studies have pointed out that HSPs are closely associated with cerebral infarction, and targeting specific HSPs can alleviate ischemic brain damage and greatly improve prognosis. Therefore, this review article provides an overview of the latest literature on the relevant HSPs involved in cerebral infarction, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent development and clinical transformation of drugs targeting HSPs, offering new treatment ideas for cerebral infarction.