Anxiety disorders represent chronic mental health conditions characterized by high incidence rates and a propensity for recurrence. As a novel form of psychological intervention, mindfulness therapy has exhibited promising applications in the management of anxiety disorders. This paper reviews the primary origins and evolution of mindfulness therapy and its practical uses in treating anxiety disorders, delving into its underlying mechanisms. Mindfulness therapy has proven effective in reducing anxiety symptoms and enhancing life quality, with outcomes comparable to those of first-line medications or cognitive-behavioral therapies. Nevertheless, the sustained effectiveness of mindfulness therapy requires additional validation, ideal treatment plans need refinement, and its impact may differ across various anxiety disorder subtypes. Future research should focus on advancing our understanding of mindfulness therapy’s role in anxiety disorders, clarifying its mechanisms, perfecting therapeutic approaches, and facilitating its standardized use in clinical settings.