Cerebral angiogenesis is an important physiological process for the development of the cerebrovascular system and the primary mechanism of revascularization following cerebrovascular damage. Abnormal cerebral angiogenesis may lead to several diseases, such as brain tumor growth and arteriovenous malformations. Neurovascular unit, the smallest functional unit of the brain, consists of neurons, glial cells, pericytes, etc., and is involved in maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The neurovascular unit has crucial roles in cerebral angiogenesis. In this paper, we review the regulatory roles and mechanisms of various cellular components of the neurovascular unit (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and smooth muscle cells) in cerebral angiogenesis, which will provide an important reference for the research and clinical treatment of cerebrovascular-related disorders.