Most of the clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) can only relieve the symptoms. In recent years, with the continuous development of cellular reprogramming technology, the regenerative transformation of degenerate and lost neurons has become a possibility. Astrocytes (ASs), widely present in the central nervous system (CNS), participate in maintaining the functional stability of the CNS under physiological conditions. AS transdifferentiation, characterized by low rejection rates and minimal microenvironment toxicity, has been applied in ND treatment research. This article focuses on various studies in recent years on AS transdifferentiation for the treatment of various NDs, including animal models, vector tools, target molecules, types of induced neurons, and treatment effects. Among them, the most significant progress has been made in Parkinson's disease (PD), where multiple different induction methods have successfully reprogrammed ASs into dopaminergic neurons, resulting in some improvement in symptoms in model mice. However, there are still disagreements regarding the origin of differentiated cells and treatment effects. The newly developed lineage-targeting tracing technology can more accurately confirm the origin of induced cells. Additionally, issues such as the survival rate and long-term effects of induced cells, as well as the age dependence of reprogramming ASs, require further investigation.