Vascular dementia (VD) refers to the dementia caused by cerebral hypoperfusion injuries, such as memory, cognition, and behavior, due to ischemic or hemorrhagic changes in cerebral blood vessels. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive, painless neuromodulation technique that not only benefits the cognitive function of VD patients but also plays a certain role in preventing and reversing VD. As a non-pharmacological treatment, rTMS has become one of the common alternative therapies for VD. This article systematically outlines the latest research progress on the treatment of VD by rTMS through regulating related signaling pathways in recent years and discusses its potential mechanism of action.