Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, encompassing two stimulation patterns: the excitatory intermittent TBS (iTBS) and the inhibitory continuous TBS (cTBS). TBS can be applied to a variety of post-stroke functional impairments such as motor disorders, spasticity, cognitive impairments, aphasia, and neglect. Its safety and efficacy have been clinically validated, but the mechanism of action in treating ischemic stroke remains unclear. This paper briefly overviews the current progress in TBS clinical research and common effective treatment plans, and summarizes recent studies on the mechanisms of TBS in treating ischemic stroke. It explores potential mechanisms by which TBS regulates neuronal function post-stroke and improves stroke outcomes, providing references for clinical application.