To explore the correlation between the total burden score of cerebral small vascular disease (CSVD) and cognitive dysfunction and depressive mood disorder. Methods: We selected 172 patients with mild stroke for the study. According to MRI examination results, the total CSVD burden score was obtained and used to divide patients into groups. The imaging characteristics of each group were analyzed. Patients were followed up after 3 months, and cognitive function and depression were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) and Hamilton Depression Scale 17 (HAMD-D17), respectively. The data were statistically analyzed. Results: According to the total CSVD burden score, 37 patients were placed in the mild group, 101 in the moderate group, and 34 in the severe group. Compared with the mild group, the moderate and severe group patients showed a higher age, hypertension rate, and low-density lipoprotein level (all P<0.05); the moderate and severe groups showed a lower MoCA total score, visuospatial ability score, executive function score, and delayed memory score (all P<0.05), and the severe group displayed lower memory and language function scores (all P<0.05); the moderate and severe groups exhibited higher HAMD scores (all P<0.05). The total CSVD burden score was negatively correlated with the MoCA score (r=－0.512, P<0.05) and positively correlated with the HAMD score (r=0.314, P<0.05). The HAMD score was negatively correlated with the MoCA score (r=－0.418, P<0.05). Conclusion: In CSVD patients, the higher the total CSVD burden score, the more severe the cognitive depressive mood disorder.