To analyze the correlation between anemia and febrile convulsion. Methods: In this prospective study, we continuously recruited children with fever who visited the pediatric department of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from October 2018 to April 2019. Patients were divided into the control group or convulsion group based on the absence or presence of convulsions. The patient’s clinical information, including name, gender, age, temperature, cause of fever, convulsion type, family history, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), were collected. The cause of fever, positive family history of febrile convulsion, and anemia status was compared between the two groups. The convulsion group patients were further divided into the simple febrile convulsion or complicated febrile convulsion subgroups based on the convulsion type, duration of symptoms, and number of occurrences, and the positive family history of the two subgroups were compared. Results: A total of 294 children with fever were included, including 154 in the convulsion group (52.4%) and 140 in the control group (47.6%). There was no statistically significant difference in the sex, age, and etiology of fever between the two groups (P>0.05). The most common cause of fever was acute upper respiratory tract infection (63.3%). There were 33 patients (21.4%) with a positive family history of convulsion in the case group and 5 patients (3.6%) in the control group, and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). In the case group, 121 patients (78.6% ) presented with simple febrile convulsion, and 7 (5.8%) of these had a positive family history; 33 patients (21.4%) presented with complicated febrile convulsion, and 26 (78.8% ) of these had a positive family history. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). The incidence of anemia was lower in the case group than that in the control group (P=0.010). Hb, HCT, MCV, and MCHC were higher in the case group than that in the control group (all P<0.05). The common age distribution of anemia in both groups was 12~36 months, and there was no statistically significant difference (P=0.212). Conclusion: The incidence of anemia is lower in patients with febrile convulsion than that in patients without convulsion, and most cases are microcytic hypochromic anemia.