This research aimed to study the risk factors for patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and exam the therapy effects of stroke unit on those people. Methods: We included 50 non-dementia VCI (VCIND) patients, 54 vascular dementia (VaD) patients, and 50 normal cognition stroke patients into the VCIND group, VaD group, and NCON group, respectively. We collected general data from all groups and examined various indicators including levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), blood lipid, blood glucose, homocysteine (Hcy), and total serum thyroxine (TT4); we completed cranial MRI for all the patients and evaluated the results. All 3 groups underwent stroke unit therapy. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) assessment were performed on VCIND and VaD group patients. Results: Compared with the NCON group, there were significantly more subjects who smoke, drank, had high blood pressure, and had diabetes in the VaD and VCIND groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of CRP, LDL-C, fasting blood glucose, Hcy, and TT4 were significantly higher in the VaD and VCIND groups than those in the NCON group (all P<0.05). Patient age and levels of CRP, Hcy, and TT4 were higher in the VaD group compared to the VCIND group (all P<0.05). In the VaD and VCIND groups, MRI of various brain regions showed higher Fazekas grades compared to those in the NCON group, and furthermore, Fazekas grades of the VaD group were higher than that of the VCIND group (all P<0.05). After treatment, the VCIND group showed an increase in MoCA score and MMSE score and a decrease in ADL score compared to before treatment (all P<0.05). The VaD group showed an increase in MMSE score and a decrease in ADL after treatment compared to before (all P<0.05). Conclusion: A higher age, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes are potential risk factors for VCI. Appropriate testing such as CRP, Hcy, TT4, and MRI is helpful for the assessment of cognitive function in patients for early detection. Comprehensive stroke unit therapy is effective in the treatment of VCI.