癫痫是一种因脑神经元异常放电而引起的神经系统疾病，全球大约有5000万人受其影响。近年来， 小胶质细胞——中枢神经系统内固有的免疫细胞——在癫痫病理学中的角色引起了广泛关注。本综述基 于最新研究成果，探讨了小胶质细胞的炎性极化及其在癫痫中的双重作用，包括M1型小胶质细胞的促炎 损伤作用和M2型小胶质细胞的抗炎保护作用。文章还讨论了小胶质细胞极化与细胞焦亡、自噬、线粒体 功能障碍及细胞铁死亡等其他细胞功能间的相互关系。目前，小胶质细胞不同细胞功能间的相互作用及 其与其他脑细胞间复杂的关联在癫痫病理机制中的确切作用仍待进一步研究明确。通过概述小胶质细胞 极化在癫痫病理学中的最新研究进展，本文探讨了其在治疗上的潜在价值和面临的挑战，为将来的研究方 向提供了思路。

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal neuronal discharges, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. This article reviews the inflammatory polarization of microglia and their dual role in epilepsy, including the proinflammatory damage of M1 microglia and the anti-inflammatory protective effects of M2 microglia based on the latest findings. Additionally, the article discusses the interplay between microglial polarization and other cellular functions, such as pyroptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. However, the exact role of the interactions between different microglial functions and their complex associations with other brain cells in the pathological mechanism of epilepsy remains unclear. By summarizing the latest research progress on microglial polarization in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, this article highlights its therapeutic implications and potential challenges, providing insights for future research.