缺血性脑卒中是一种急性中枢神经系统疾病，发病率、致死率、致残率居高不下，给患者家庭和社会带 来了极大负担。缺血性脑卒中病理机制复杂，治疗手段有限，亟需进一步探索病理机制及新的治疗靶点。既 往中性粒细胞在缺血性脑卒中的作用长期被忽视，但近十年的研究提示中性粒细胞活跃参与了缺血性脑卒 中后神经损伤与修复过程。同时，中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（neutrophil extracellular traps，NETs）作为中性粒细胞 的一种新的调控机制，在缺血性脑卒中后急性炎症、血栓形成、血管损害等病理过程中发挥重要作用，可能是 促进缺血性脑卒中后新生血管和功能恢复的关键。本文重点评述了中性粒细胞特别是NETs在缺血性脑卒 中神经损伤与修复中的作用以及靶向中性粒细胞和NETs治疗的相关进展。

Ischemic stroke is an acute central nervous system disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability rates, imposing a significant burden on patients’families and society. Pathological changes in ischemic stroke are complex, and the available treatment options are limited. Therefore, it is urgent to further explore the pathological mechanisms and identify new therapeutic targets. The role of neutrophils in ischemic stroke has long been neglected. However, research in the past decade has suggested that neutrophils are actively involved in nerve injury and repair after ischemic stroke. In addition, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a new regulatory mechanism of neutrophils, play an important role in acute inflammation, thrombosis, vascular damage, and other pathological processes after ischemic stroke, potentially being a key target in promoting neovascularization and functional recovery post-ischemic stroke. This review focuses on the role of neutrophils, especially NETs, in nerve injury and repair after ischemic stroke, along with advances in treatments targeting neutrophils and NETs.