目的：调查神经外科住院患者医院感染现状，分析发生的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析神经外科的 4 716例患者临床资料，运用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析医院感染发生的相关危险因素。结果：4 716 例患者中，发生医院感染 216 例（4.6%），医院感染 253 例次（5.4%）；感染部位中，呼吸系统感染 139 例次 （55.0%），中枢神经系统感染 50 例次（19.8%），血液系统感染 34 例次（13.4%），手术部位感染 16 例次 （6.3%），泌尿系统感染14例次（5.5%）。Logistic回归结果显示，吸烟史（OR=1.734，95%CI 1.073~2.802）、急 诊入院（OR=0.520，95%CI 0.341~0.794）、住院时间长（OR=1.114，95%CI 1.090~1.140）、入住 ICU（OR= 2.256，95%CI 1.319~3.857）、机械通气（OR=2.032，95%CI 1.263~3.270）、人工气道（OR=2.127，95%CI 1.018~ 4.444）、留置静脉导管（OR=2.391，95%CI 1.490~3.836）及低温治疗（OR=3.334，95%CI 1.732~6.418）为神经 外科住院患者医院感染的独立危险因素。结论：神经外科住院患者医院感染发生率较高，感染部位以呼吸 系统居首位。

To investigate the status of hospital-acquired infection in neurosurgical inpatients and analyze its risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical medical records of 4 716 patients admitted to the department of Neurosurgery. Univariate analysis and multi-factor logistic regression were applied to analyze the risk factors of nosocomial infection in hospitalized neurosurgery patients. Results: Of the 4 716 neurosurgical inpatients, 216 patients (4.6%) experienced hospital-acquired infection, amounting to 253 cases (5.4%). Regarding infection sites, 139 cases (55.0%) presented infection in the respiratory system, 50 cases (19.8%) in the central nervous system, 34 cases (13.4%) in the circulatory system, 16 cases (6.3%) at the surgical site, and 14 cases (5.5%) in the urinary system. Logistic regression results showed that smoking history (OR=1.734, 95% CI 1.073~2.802), emergency admission (OR=0.520, 95% CI 0.341~0.794), prolonged hospitalization (OR=1.114, 95% CI 1.090~1.140), admission to ICU (OR=2.256, 95% CI 1.319~3.857), mechanical ventilation (OR=2.032, 95% CI 1.263~3.270), artificial airway (OR=2.127，95% CI 1.018~4.444), indwelling venous catheter (OR=2.391, 95%CI 1.490~3.836), and hypothermia treatment (OR=3.334, 95%CI 1.732~6.418) were independent risk factors of hospital-acquired infection in neurosurgical inpatients. Conclusion: The incidence of hospital-acquired infection in neurosurgery patients is relatively high, and respiratory infection is most common.