意识障碍是指由于中枢神经系统严重损伤导致的意识水平下降或丧失的临床状态，常见于创伤 性脑损伤、脑卒中及心搏呼吸骤停等重症患者。意识障碍预后影响因素复杂多样，急性期是预后判断 和临床干预的关键阶段，早期预后评估对于制定治疗策略和优化资源配置具有重要意义。本文对急性 意识障碍患者的临床特征、神经电生理指标、神经影像学、脑生物标志物、脑机接口范式指标等预后影 响因素的研究进展进行综述。重点探讨多模态评估的临床应用前景，为急性意识障碍早期预后的科学 评估、后续精准治疗提供参考依据。

Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are clinical conditions characterized by decreased or absent levels of consciousness due to severe central nervous system injury, commonly observe in patients with traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest, etc. Prognostic factors for DOC are multifactorial, with the acute phase being a critical period for prognostication and clinical intervention. Early prognostic assessment holds significant importance in guiding therapeutic strategies and optimizing resource allocation. This review summarizes recent advances in research on prognostic factors foe acute DOC, including clinical features, neurophysiological indicators, neuroimaging findings, brain biomarkers, and brain-computer interfaces. The review particularly emphasizes the clinical potential of multimodal assessment, aiming to provide scientific evidence for early prognosis evaluation and subsequent precision treatment of acute DOC.