胆碱能系统在中枢神经系统中的重要性体现在其对认知功能的调节作用，尤其在注意力、记忆和学习 等高级认知功能中扮演关键角色。来自基底前脑的胆碱能投射神经元，通过释放乙酰胆碱调控海马和前额 叶皮质等脑区的活动。研究表明，胆碱能系统功能障碍与多种神经退行性疾病密切相关。在这些疾病中， 基底前脑胆碱能神经元的变性和乙酰胆碱合成与转运的失调被认为是认知功能障碍的主要原因。近年来 对神经退行性疾病基于胆碱能系统的治疗策略，均显示出一定的疗效。因此，本文主要探讨胆碱能系统功 能障碍对神经退行性疾病发生发展的影响，以加深对胆碱能系统作用机制的理解，也为神经退行性疾病提 供更加精确的治疗方案。

The importance of the cholinergic system in the central nervous system lies in its regulatory role in cognitive functions, particularly in higher cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and learning. Cholinergic projection neurons from the basal forebrain regulate the activity of brain regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex through the release of acetylcholine. Research has shown that dysfunction of the cholinergic system is closely associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. In these diseases, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and the dysregulation of acetylcholine synthesis and transport are considered key contributors to cognitive impairments. Recent therapeutic strategies based on the cholinergic system for neurodegenerative diseases have shown certain therapeutic effects. Therefore, this paper primarily explores the impact of cholinergic system dysfunction on the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, aiming to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying cholinergic system function and to provide more precise therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders.