帕金森病（Parkinson's disease, PD）是全球第二大神经退行性疾病，病理上以黑质多巴胺能神经元变
性缺失和α-突触核蛋白（α-Synuclein, α-Syn）异常聚集为特征。目前诊断主要依赖临床症状，仍缺乏早期、
特异的生物标志物。外泌体（Exosomes, EXs）作为一种能够穿越血脑屏障的纳米级细胞外囊泡，携带有源
自中枢神经系统的蛋白质、核酸及脂质等生物分子信息，为 PD 的诊断提供了全新视角。本文系统综述
EXs内主要生物分子作为新型生物标志物的巨大潜力、以及当前分离技术所面临的挑战。
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide,
pathologically characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and abnormal
aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Current diagnosis primarily relies on clinical symptoms, and there remains a
lack of early and specific biomarkers. Exosomes (EXs), as nanoscale extracellular vesicles capable of crossing
the blood-brain barrier, carry molecular information such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids derived from the
central nervous system, offering a new perspective for the diagnosis of PD. This article systematically reviews
the significant potential of major biomolecules within EXs as novel biomarkers, as well as the challenges faced
by current isolation techniques.
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