运动功能障碍是脊髓损伤（spinal cord injury，SCI）的严重后遗症之一。硬膜外脊髓刺激（epidural spinal cord stimulation，eSCS）作为一种新兴的神经调控技术，通过在脊髓硬膜外腔植入电极，直接刺激脊髓神经元，可有效激活损伤平面以下神经通路的残余功能，显著增强该平面以下运动神经元的兴奋性，甚至使完全性SCI患者恢复自主站立、踏步的运动功能。本文系统综述了eSCS的基本原理、作用机制及其临床应用。

Motor dysfunction is one of the severe sequelae of spinal cord injury (SCI). As an emerging neuromodulation technique, epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) involves implanting electrodes into the epidural space of the spinal cord to directly stimulate spinal neurons. It can effectively activate the residual function of neural pathways below the injury level, markedly increase the excitability of motor neurons caudal to the lesion, and even enable patients with complete SCI to regain voluntary motor functions such as standing and stepping. This article systematically reviews the fundamental principles, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications of eSCS.