多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）病理机制复杂，目前的临床治疗措施并不能阻止病情进展且副作 用较多，急需开发新的有效临床治疗措施以改善MS患者临床症状和预后。髓鞘再生可以为MS整个病程 提供益处，促进髓鞘再生是一种极具潜力的MS治疗措施。少突胶质前体细胞作为负责MS髓鞘再生的细 胞，其髓鞘再生能力受多种微环境因素的影响。本文首次综述固有免疫细胞、髓鞘碎片、细胞外基质、星形 胶质细胞、神经元、周细胞和内皮细胞、适应性免疫细胞、外周循环和衰老等微环境因素对MS髓鞘再生的 影响和机制，以期为MS的防治提供参考。

Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis is complex, and current clinical treatments cannot halt disease progression and have numerous side effects. There is an urgent need to develop new and effective clinical treatments to improve the clinical symptoms and prognosis of MS patients. Remyelination can provide benefits throughout the entire course of MS, making it a highly promising treatment approach for MS. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells, responsible for myelin regeneration in MS, have their regenerative capacity influenced by various microenvironmental factors. This article provides the first review of the impact and mechanisms of microenvironmental factors such as innate immune cells, myelin debris, extracellular matrix, astrocytes, neurons, pericytes and endothelial cells, adaptive immune cells, peripheral circulation, and aging on MS remyelination, aiming to offer references for the prevention and treatment of MS.